Liraglutide changes body composition and lowers added sugar intake in overweight persons with insulin pump-treated type 1 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Aims: To present secondary outcome analyses of liraglutide treatment in overweight adults with insulin pump‐treated type 1 diabetes (T1D), focusing on changes in body composition and dimensions, and to evaluate changes in food intake to identify potential dietary drivers of liraglutide‐associated weight loss. Materials and methods: A 26‐week randomized placebo‐controlled study was conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of liraglutide 1.8 mg daily in 44 overweight adults with insulin pump‐treated T1D and glucose levels above target, and demonstrated significant glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)‐ and body weight‐reducing effects. For secondary outcome analysis, dual X‐ray absorptiometry scans were completed at Weeks 0 and 26, and questionnaire‐based food frequency recordings were obtained at Weeks 0, 13 and 26 to characterize liraglutide‐induced changes in body composition and food intake. Results: Total fat and lean body mass decreased in liraglutide‐treated participants (fat mass −4.6 kg [95% confidence interval {CI} −5.7; −3.5], P < 0.001; lean mass −2.5 kg [95% CI −3.2;‐1.7], P < 0.001), but remained stable in placebo‐treated participants (fat mass −0.3 kg [95% CI −1.3;0.8], P = 0.604; lean mass 0.0 kg [95% CI −0.7;0.7]; P = 0.965 [between‐group P values <0.001]). Participants reduced their energy intake numerically more in the liraglutide arm (−1.1 MJ [95% CI −2.0;‐0.02], P = 0.02) than in the placebo arm (−0.9 MJ [95% CI −2.0;0.1], P = 0.22), but the between‐group difference was statistically insignificant ( P = 0.42). However, energy derived from added sugars decreased by 27% in the liraglutide arm compared with an increase of 14% in the placebo arm ( P = 0.004). Conclusions: Liraglutide lowered fat and lean body mass compared with placebo. Further, liraglutide reduced intake of added sugars. However, no significant difference in total daily energy intake was detected between liraglutide‐ and placebo‐treated participants.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In a 26-week trial of liraglutide 1.8 mg in 44 individuals with type 1 diabetes and overweight or obesity, fat mass decreased 14.1% (4.6 kg) and lean mass decreased 4.7% (2.5 kg).
“Corroborating these findings, a clinical trial in 44 individuals with type 1 diabetes and overweight or obesity revealed a fat mass loss of 14.1% (À4.6 kg) after a 26-week Lira (1.8 mg) treatment and a significant LM loss of 4.7% (À2.5 kg) (32).”
From Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309303291401 · Cited by 24,667 · see citing works
Prospective Studies Collaboration (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60318-4 · Cited by 4,807 · see citing works
The Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1
Holst, J. J. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2006 · Cited by 3,371 · see citing works
State of Type 1 Diabetes Management and Outcomes from the T1D Exchange in 2016–2018
Foster, N. C., Beck, R. W., Miller, K. M., Clements, M. A., Rickels, M. R., DiMeglio, L. A., Maahs, D. M., Tamborlane, W. V., Bergenstal, R., Smith, E., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2018.0384 · Cited by 1,907 · see citing works
Miller, K. M., Foster, N. C., Beck, R. W., Bergenstal, R. M., DuBose, S. N., DiMeglio, L. A., Maahs, D. M., & Tamborlane, W. V. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0078 · Cited by 1,254 · see citing works
The effect of obesity on health outcomes
Dixon, J. B. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.008 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Huxley, R., Mendis, S., Zheleznyakov, E., Reddy, S., & Chan, J. C. N. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.68 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Blundell, J., Finlayson, G., Axelsen, M., Flint, A., Gibbons, C., Kvist, T., & Hjerpsted, J. B. (2017) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12932 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Insulin‐associated weight gain in diabetes – causes, effects and coping strategies
Russell-Jones, D. L., & Khan, R. (2006) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00686.x · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Freedman, L. S., Commins, J. M., Moler, J. E., Arab, L., Baer, D. J., Kipnis, V., Midthune, D., Moshfegh, A. J., Neuhouser, M. L., Prentice, R. L., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu116 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
The Psychosocial Burden of Obesity
Sarwer, D. B., & Polonsky, H. M. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.016 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus
Thomas, D., & Elliott, E. J. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006296.pub2 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Effects of GLP-1 on appetite and weight
Shah, M., & Vella, A. (2014) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-014-9289-5 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Mathieu, C., Zinman, B., Hemmingsson, J. U., Woo, V., Colman, P., Christiansen, E., Linder, M., Bode, B., & for the ADJUNCT ONE Investigators (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0691 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Temporal patterns in overweight and obesity in type 1 diabetes
Conway, B., Miller, R. G., Costacou, T., Fried, L., Kelsey, S., Evans, R. W., & Orchard, T. J. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02956.x · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Jendle, J., Nauck, M. A., Matthews, D. R., Frid, A., Hermansen, K., Düring, M., Zdravkovic, M., Strauss, B. J., Garber, A. J., & Groups, O. B. O. T. L. A. L. S. (2009) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01158.x · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Body fat and fat-free mass and all-cause mortality
Bigaard, J., Frederiksen, K., Tjønneland, A., Thomsen, B. L., Overvad, K., Heitmann, B. L., & Sørensen, T. I. A. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.131 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Ahrén, B., Hirsch, I. B., Pieber, T. R., Mathieu, C., Gómez-Peralta, F., Hansen, T. K., Philotheou, A., Birch, S., Christiansen, E., Jensen, T. J., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0690 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Waist circumference and waist/hip ratio in relation to all-cause mortality, cancer and sleep apnea
Seidell, J. C. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.71 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Abdominal and Gynoid Fat Mass Are Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men and Women
Wiklund, P., Toss, F., Weinehall, L., Hallmans, G., Franks, P. W., Nordström, A., & Nordström, P. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0804 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Horowitz, M., Flint, A., Jones, K. L., Hindsberger, C., Rasmussen, M. F., Kapitza, C., Doran, S., Jax, T., Zdravkovic, M., & Chapman, I. M. (2012) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.016 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Dejgaard, T. F., Frandsen, C. S., Hansen, T. S., Almdal, T., Urhammer, S. A., Pedersen‐Bjergaard, U., Jensen, T. J., Jensen, A. K., Holst, J. J., Tarnow, L., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00436-2 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationKadouh, H., Chedid, V., Halawi, H., Burton, D. D., Clark, M. M., Khemani, D., Vella, A., Acosta, A., & Camilleri, M. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz140 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Mikkelsen, T. B., Osler, M., & Olsen, S. F. (2006) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005883 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationFrandsen, C. S., Dejgaard, T. F., Holst, J. J., Andersen, H. U., Thorsteinsson, B., & Madsbad, S. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1037 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationData collected on maternal dietary exposures in the Danish National Birth Cohort
Olsen, S. F., Mikkelsen, T. B., Knudsen, V. K., et al. (2007) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00777.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationKuhadiya, N. D., Dhindsa, S., Ghanim, H., Mehta, A., Makdissi, A., Batra, M., Sandhu, S., Hejna, J., Green, K., Bellini, N., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1136 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
BMI, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes: Findings Against an Obesity Paradox
Edqvist, J., Rawshani, A., Adiels, M., Bjorck, L. M., Lind, M., Svensson, A., Gudbjörnsdottir, S., Sattar, N. A., & Rosengren, A. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-1446 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Non-insulin drugs to treat hyperglycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Frandsen, C. S., Dejgaard, T. F., & Madsbad, S. (2016) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(16)00039-5 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationBrock, C., Hansen, C. S., Karmisholt, J., Møller, H. J., Juhl, A. H., Farmer, A. D., Drewes, A. M., Riahi, S., Lervang, H. H., Jakobsen, P. E., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14063 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus
Thomas, D., & Elliott, E. J. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006296 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Ghanim, H., Batra, M., Green, K., Abuaysheh, S., HEJNA, J. M., Makdissi, A., Borowski, R. S., Kuhadiya, N. D., Chaudhuri, A., & Dandona, P. (2020) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14090 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dejgaard, T., Schmidt, S., Frandsen, C., Vistisen, D., Madsbad, S., Andersen, H. U., & Nørgaard, K. (2019) · Diabetes, obesity and metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13911 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationMikkelsen, T. B., Olsen, S. F., Rasmussen, S. E., & Osler, M. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1080/14034940600975625 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationBerentzen, T. L., & Sørensen, T. I. A. (2006) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00183.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Vestberg, D., Rosengren, A., Olsson, M., Guðbjörnsdóttir, S., Svensson, A., & Lind, M. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Avgerinos, I., Manolopoulos, A., Michailidis, T., Kitsios, K., Liakos, A., Karagiannis, T., Dimitrakopoulos, K., Matthews, D. R., Τσάπας, Α., & Bekiari, E. (2020) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14291 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Dubé, M., D'Amours, M., & Weisnagel, S. J. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13063 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Tandon, S., Ayis, S. A., Hopkins, D. L., Harding, S., & Stadler, M. (2020) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14221 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mella, R., Schmidt, C. B., Romagnoli, P. P., Teske, J. A., & Perez‐Leighton, C. E. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21939 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Use of Non-Insulin Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes
Garg, S. K., Michels, A. W., & Shah, V. N. (2013) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2013.0281 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Locatelli, J. C., Costa, J. G., Haynes, A., Naylor, L. H., Fegan, P. G., Yeap, B. B., & Green, D. J. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0100 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Beavers, K. M., Cortes, T. M., Foy, C. M., Dinkla, L., Reyes San Martin, F., Ard, J. D., Serra, M. C., & Beavers, D. P. (2025) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.24172 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The effect of obesity pharmacotherapy on body composition, including muscle mass
Argyrakopoulou, G., Gitsi, E., Konstantinidou, S. K., & Kokkinos, A. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01533-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Schmidt, P. H. S., Pasqualotto, E., dos Santos, H. V., de Souza, L. S. N., dos Santos, B. E., Chavez, M. P., Ferreira, R. O. M., Hohl, A., Ronsoni, M. F., & van de Sande-Lee, S. (2025) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2025.01.009 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schmidt, S., Frandsen, C. S., Dejgaard, T. F., Vistisen, D., Halldórsson, T., Olsen, S. F., Jensen, J. B., Madsbad, S., Andersen, H. U., & Nørgaard, K.
- Affiliations
- Frederiksberg Hospital (DK)
- Hvidovre Hospital (DK)
- Gentofte Hospital (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
- Department of Epidemiology Research Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, Signe
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-10-17
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 212-220
- ISSN
- 1462-8902 (ISSN-L)
- 1463-1326
- OpenAlex
- W3204555065
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Opin vísindi (Opin vísindi) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Opin vísindi (Opin vísindi) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Amgen
- Eli Lilly and Company
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi
- Gilead Sciences
- Dexcom
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC 3. B Epidemiology)
- Gedeon Richter
- Novo Nordisk
- UCB Pharma
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Keywords
- liraglutide, type 1 diabetes, insulin pump therapy, overweight, body composition, fat mass, lean body mass, added sugar intake, energy intake, weight loss, GLP-1 receptor agonists, HbA1c, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, food frequency questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Liraglutide, Sugars, Adult, Body Composition, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Double-Blind Method, Drug Therapy, Combination, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Treatment Outcome, Overweight, Insulins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
