CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 352Regulation of Appetite and ObesityDiabetes Treatment and ManagementNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

Effects of GLP-1 on appetite and weight

Open access
Shah, Meera, Vella, Adrian·2014·Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
DOI 10.1007/s11154-014-9289-5PMC PMC4119845
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a cleavage product of the pre-proglucagon gene which is expressed in the α-cells of the pancreas, the L-cells of the intestine, and neurons located in the caudal brainstem and hypothalamus. GLP-1 is of relevance to appetite and weight maintenance because it has actions on the gastrointestinal tract as well as the direct regulation of appetite. It delays gastric emptying and gut motility in humans. In addition, interventricular injections of GLP-1 inhibit food intake, independent of the presence of food in the stomach or gastric emptying. Peripherally administered GLP-1 also affects the central regulation of feeding. It is therefore the synergistic actions of GLP-1 in the gut and brain, acting on both central and peripheral receptors that seem responsible for the effects of the hormone on satiety.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11154-014-9289-5

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • GLP-1RAs were originally approved for diabetes treatment with the notable side effect of pronounced weight loss.

    “Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are a class of medications that were originally approved for diabetes treatment with the notable side effect of pronounced weight loss.23–25”

    From The Effect of Semaglutide and GLP-1 RAs on Risk of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (2025) · cites this paper as [23]

    Section 5 says GLP-1 receptor agonists were FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and consistently produced weight loss compared with controls. But Section 7 describes their effect on weight as “relatively small but significant,” so “pronounced weight loss” overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 61

  1. [1]Holst JJ The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1 Physiol Rev 2007 87 1409 39 17928588
  2. [3]Dailey MJ Disassociation between preprandial gut peptide release and food-anticipatory activity Endocrinology 2012 153 132 42 22128024 PMC3249668
  3. [4]Vahl TP Meal-anticipatory glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in rats Endocrinology 2010 151 569 75 19915164 PMC2817629
  4. [5]Tang-Christensen M Vrang N Larsen PJ Glucagon-like peptide containing pathways in the regulation of feeding behaviour Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001 25 Suppl 5 S42 7 11840214
  5. [6]Elliott RM Morgan LM Tredger JA Deacon S Wright J Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7–36) amide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in response to nutrient ingestion in man: acute post-prandial and 24-h secretion patterns J Endocrinol 1993 138 159 66 7852887
  6. [7]Hermann C Goke R Richter G Fehmann HC Arnold R Goke B Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide plasma levels in response to nutrients Digestion 1995 56 117 26 7750665
  7. [8]Rocca AS Brubaker PL Role of the vagus nerve in mediating proximal nutrient-induced glucagon- like peptide-1 secretion Endocrinology 1999 140 4 1687 94 10098504
  8. [9]Balks HJ Holst JJ Von Zur MA Brabant G Rapid oscillations in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in humans: Cholinergic control of GLP-1 secretion via muscarinic receptors J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997 82 3 786 90 9062483
  9. [10]Theodorakis MJ Carlson O Michopoulos S Human duodenal enteroendocrine cells: source of both incretin peptides, GLP-1 and GIP Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006 290 E550 9 16219666
  10. [11]Tolhurst G Reimann F Gribble FM Nutritional regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion J Physiol 2009 587 1 27 32 19001044 PMC2670019
  11. [12]Schjoldager B Mortensen PE Myhre J Christiansen J Holst JJ Oxyntomodulin from distal gut: role in regulation of gastric and pancreatic functions Dig Dis Sci 1989 34 1411 9 2670487
  12. [13]Tang-Christensen M Larsen PJ Thulesen J Rømer J Vrang N The proglucagon-derived peptide, glucagon-like peptide-2, is a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of food intake Nat Med 2000 6 7 802 7 10888930
  13. [14]Lovshin J Estall J Yusta B Brown TJ Drucker DJ Glucagon-like Peptide (GLP)-2 action in the murine central nervous system is enhanced by elimination of GLP-1 receptor signaling J Biol Chem 2001 276 24 21489 99 11262390
  14. [15]Nauck MA Niedereichholz U Ettler R Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of gastric emptying outweighs its insulinotropic effects in healthy humans Am J Physiol 1997 273 E981 8 9374685
  15. [18]Delgado-Aros S Doe-Young K Burton DD Thomforde GM Effect of GLP-1 on gastric volume, emptying, maximum volume ingested, and postprandial symptoms in humans Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002 282 G424 31 11841992
  16. [19]Ruttimann EB Intrameal hepatic portal and intraperitoneal infusions of glucagon-like peptide-1 reduce spontaneous meal size in the rat via different mechanisms Endocrinology 2009 150 1174 81 18948395 PMC2654737
  17. [20]Turton MD O’Shea D Gunn I A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding Nature 1996 379 69 72 8538742
  18. [21]Barrera JG Hyperphagia and increased fat accumulation in two models of chronic CNS glucagon-like peptide-1 loss of function J Neurosci 2011 31 3904 13 21389245 PMC3700400
  19. [22]Chaudhri OB Parkinson JR Kuo YT Differential hypothalamic neuronal activation following peripheral injection of GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin in mice detected by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006 350 298 306 17007819
  20. [23]Min DK Tuor UI Koopmans HS Chelikani PK Changes in differential functional magnetic resonance signals in the rodent brain elicited by mixed-nutrient or protein-enriched meals Gastroenterology 2011 141 1832 41 21802388
  21. [24]Dailey MJ Moran TH Glucagon-like peptide 1 and appetite Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 24 2 PMC3594872 23332584
  22. [25]Larsen PJ Central administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 activates hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons in the rat Endocrinology 1997 138 4445 55 9322962
  23. [26]Seo S Acute effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on hypothalamic neuropeptide and AMP activated kinase expression in fasted rats Endocr J 2008 55 867 74 18506089
  24. [27]Bugarith K Basomedial hypothalamic injections of neuropeptide Y conjugated to saporin selectively disrupt hypothalamic controls of food intake Endocrinology 2005 146 1179 91 15604214
  25. [28]Blevins JE Baskin DG Hypothalamic-brainstem circuits controlling eating Forum Nutr 2010 63 133 40 19955781 PMC6236679
  26. [30]Kinzig KP The diverse roles of specific GLP-1 receptors in the control of food intake and the response to visceral illness J Neurosci 2002 22 10470 6 12451146 PMC6758755
  27. [31]Dailey MJ Moran TH Glucagon-like peptide 1 and appetite Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 24 2 PMC3594872 23332584
  28. [32]Kellum JM Kuemmerle JF O’Dorisio TM Gastrointestinal hormone responses to meals before and after gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty Ann Surg 1990 211 763 70 2192696 PMC1358133
  29. [35]Kashyap SR Bhatt DL Wolski K Metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in patients with moderate obesity and type 2 diabetes: analysis of a randomized control trial comparing surgery with intensive medical treatment Diabetes Care 2013 36 2175 82 23439632 PMC3714483
  30. [36]Gagner M Sleeve gastrectomy: an ideal choice for T2DM Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013 9 623 23938280
  31. [37]Habegger KM Kirchner H Yi CX Heppner KM GLP-1R agonism enhances adjustable gastric banding in diet-induced obese rats Diabetes Care 2013 62 9 3261 7 PMC3749327 23775764
  32. [38]Shah M Law JH Micheletto F Contribution of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 to glucose metabolism after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Diabetes 2014 63 1 10 PMC3968439 24089513
  33. [39]Deane AM Nguyen NQ Stevens JE Endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 slows gastric emptying in healthy subjects, attenuating postprandial glycemia J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 95 215 21 19892837
  34. [40]Nicolaus M Brödl J Linke R Woerle H-J Göke B Schirra J Endogenous GLP-1 regulates postprandial glycemia in humans: relative contributions of insulin, glucagon, and gastric emptying J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011 96 229 36 21047924
  35. [41]Wilson-Perez HE Chambers AP Ryan KK Li B Sandoval DA Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is effective in two genetic mouse models of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor deficiency Diabetes 2013 62 7 2380 5 23434938 PMC3712071
  36. [42]Nea I Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits gastric emptying via vagal afferent-mediated central mechanisms Am J Physiol Rev 1997 273 G920 7 9357836
  37. [43]Aea W Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits gastropancreatic function by inhibiting central parasympathetic outflow Am J Physiol 1998 275 G984 92 9815028
  38. [44]Aea A Peripheral motor action of glucagon-like peptide-1 through enteric neuronal receptors Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010 22 664 e203 20158614
  39. [45]Mea TC Central administration of GLP-1-(7–36) amide inhibits food and water intake in rats Am J Physiol 1996 271 R848 56 8897973
  40. [46]Gulpinar MA Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) is involved in the central modulation of fecal output in rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000 278 924 9 10859222
  41. [47]Ayachi SE Contraction induced by glicentin on smooth muscle cells from the human colon is abolished by exendin (9–39) Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005 17 302 9 15787950
  42. [48]Yoder SM Stimulation of incretin secretion by dietary lipid: is it dose dependent? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009 297 299 305 PMC2724086 19520739
  43. [50]Delgado-Aros S Vella A Camilleri M Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 and feeding on gastric volumes in diabetes mellitus with cardio-vagal dysfunction Neurogastroenterol Motil 2003 15 435 43 12846732
  44. [51]Holst JJ Toft-Nielsen MB Orskov C Nauck M Willms B On the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on blood glucose regulation in normal and diabetic subjects Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996 805 729 36 8993469
  45. [55]DeFronzo RA Ratner RE Han J Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2005 28 1092 100 15855572
  46. [58]Bergenstal R Lewin A Bailey T Chang D Gylvin T Roberts V Efficacy and safety of biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 versus exenatide in subjects with type 2 diabetes failing to achieve glycemic control with metformin and a sulfonylurea Curr Med Res Opin 2009 25 65 75 19210140
  47. [59]Russell-Jones D Vaag A Schmitz O Liraglutide vs insulin glargine and placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (LEAD-5 met + SU): a randomised controlled trial Diabetologia 2009 52 2046 55 19688338 PMC2744824
  48. [60]Gallwitz B Bohmer M Segiet T Exenatide twice daily versus premixed insulin aspart 70/30 in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized 26-week study on glycemic control and hypoglycemia Diabetes Care 2011 34 604 6 21285388 PMC3041190
  49. [61]Buse JB Rosenstock J Sesti G Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6) Lancet 2009 374 9683 39 47 19515413
  50. [62]Buse JB Nauck M Forst T Exenatide once weekly versus liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-6): a randomised, open-label study Lancet 2013 381 117 24 23141817
  51. [63]Kelly A Rudser KD Nathan BM Fox CK The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy on body mass index in adolescents with severe obesity JAMA Pediatr 2013 167 4 355 60 23380890 PMC4010226
  52. [64]Bunck MC Diamant M Eliasson B Exenatide affects circulating cardiovascular risk biomarkers independently of changes in body composition Diabetes Care 2010 33 1734 7 20424219 PMC2909051
  53. [65]Jendle J Nauck MA Matthews DR Frid A Hermansen K Weight loss with liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue for type 2 diabetes treatment as monotherapy or added to metformin, is primarily as a result of a reduction in fat tissue Diabetes Obes Metab 2009 11 1163 72 19930006
  54. [66]Zoicas F Droste M Mayr B Buchfelder M Schofl C GLP-1 analogues as a new treatment option for hypothalamic obesity in adults: report of nine cases Eur J Endocrinol 2013 168 5 699 706 23392214
  55. [67]Garber A Henry RR RR Hale P CT C Bode B Liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, provides sustained improvements in glycaemic control and weight for 2 years as mono-therapy compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Obes Metab 2011 13 348 56 21205128 PMC3084519
  56. [68]Macconell L Pencek R Li Y Maggs D Porter L Exenatide once weekly: sustained improvement in glycemic control and cardiometabolic measures through 3 years Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2013 6 31 41 23358123 PMC3555554
  57. [70]van Bloemendaal L Ten Kulve JS la Fleur SE Ijzerman RG Diamant M Effects of GLP-1 on appetite and body weight: focus on the central nervous system J Endocrinol 2013 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print] 24323912
  58. [71]Butler AE Campbell-Thompson M Gurlo T Dawson DW Atkinson M Butler PC Marked expansion of exocrine and endocrine pancreas with incretin therapy in humans with increased exocrine pancreas dysplasia and the potential for glucagon-producing neuroendocrine tumors Diabetes 2013 62 2595 604 23524641 PMC3712065
  59. [72]Kral JG Vagal nerve function in obesity: therapeutic implications World J Surg 2009 33 1995 2006 19618240
  60. [73]Hoyda TD Smoth PM Ferguson AV Gastrointestinal hormone actions in the central regulation of energy metabolism: potential sensory roles for the circumventricular organs Int J Obes 2009 33 S16 21 19363501
  61. [74]Thorens B Larsen P Gut-derived signaling molecules and vagal afferents in the control of glucose and energy homeostasis Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004 7 471 8 15192452

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Shah, M., & Vella, A.
Affiliations
Mayo Clinic (US)
Corresponding author
Vella, Adrian
ORCID
Venue
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2014-05-09
Volume
15
Issue
3
Pages
181-187
ISSN
  • 1389-9155 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2606
DOI
10.1007/s11154-014-9289-5
PMC
PMC4119845
OpenAlex
W2073295531
Cited by
352
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 40 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
FWCI
0.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb
  • Sanofi
  • Daiichi-Sankyo
  • National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000135)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK82396, P30DK050456, DK TR000135, R01DK082396, DK-78646, R01DK078646)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
  • Daiichi Sankyo Europe
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords
glucagon-like peptide-1, appetite regulation, weight maintenance, satiety, gastric emptying, intestinal motility, dietary intake, central regulation of feeding, preproglucagon, alpha cells, intestinal L cells, hypothalamus, brainstem neurons
MeSH terms
Appetite, Body Weight, Eating, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review