Cited by 856Psychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsEpilepsy research and treatmentPain Management and Placebo Effect

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 159 of the 160 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Minimum requirements for the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A staged approach: A report from the International League Against Epilepsy Nonepileptic Seizures Task Force

Open access

LaFrance, W. Curt, Baker, Gus A., Duncan, Rod, Goldstein, Laura H., Reuber, Markus·2013·Epilepsia

DOI 10.1111/epi.12356

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

An international consensus group of clinician-researchers in epilepsy, neurology, neuropsychology, and neuropsychiatry collaborated with the aim of developing clear guidance on standards for the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Because the gold standard of video electroencephalography (vEEG) is not available worldwide, or for every patient, the group delineated a staged approach to PNES diagnosis. Using a consensus review of the literature, this group evaluated key diagnostic approaches. These included: history, EEG, ambulatory EEG, vEEG/monitoring, neurophysiologic, neurohumoral, neuroimaging, neuropsychological testing, hypnosis, and conversation analysis. Levels of diagnostic certainty were developed including possible, probable, clinically established, and documented diagnosis, based on the availability of history, witnessed event, and investigations, including vEEG. The aim and hope of this report is to provide greater clarity about the process and certainty of the diagnosis of PNES, with the intent to improve the care for people with epilepsy and nonepileptic seizures.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/epi.12356

Cites

159 of 159 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS‐ADRDA Work Group* under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
Semiological Seizure Classification*
Lüders, H. O., Acharya, J. N., Baumgartner, C., Benbadis, S. R., Bleasel, A., Burgess, R. C., Dinner, D. S., Ebner, A., Foldvary, N., Geller, E. B., et al. (1998) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01452.x · Cited by 620
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Goldstein, L. H., Chalder, T., Chigwedere, C., Khondoker, M. R., Moriarty, J., Toone, B., & Mellers, J. D. C. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181e39658 · Cited by 499
Diagnostic delay in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Reuber, M., Fernández, G., Bauer, J. M., Helmstaedter, C., & Elger, C. E. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.3.493 · Cited by 467
The misdiagnosis of epilepsy and the management of refractory epilepsy in a specialist clinic
Smith, D. F. (1999) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/92.1.15 · Cited by 448
International consensus clinical practice statements for the treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions associated with epilepsy
Kerr, M. P., Mensah, S., Besag, F., de Toffol, B., Ettinger, A., Kanemoto, K., Kanner, A., Kemp, S., Krishnamoorthy, E., LaFrance Jr, W. C., et al. (2011) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03276.x · Cited by 425
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: review and update
Reuber, M., & Elger, C. E. (2003) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1525-5050(03)00104-5 · Cited by 404
Outcome in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: 1 to 10‐year follow‐up in 164 patients
Reuber, M., Pukrop, R., Bauer, J., Helmstaedter, C., Tessendorf, N., & Elger, C. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.3000 · Cited by 392
How many patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures also have epilepsy?
Benbadis, S. R., Agrawal, V. K., & Tatum, W. O. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.5.915 · Cited by 365
Management of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
LaFrance, W. C., Reuber, M., & Goldstein, L. H. (2013) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.12106 · Cited by 316

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 160 references

1 of the 160 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Donati F, 1996, Abstract: epileptic versus psychogenic seizures: effect on heart rate, Epilepsia, 37, 58
Gates JR, 1991, Epilepsy and behavior, 251
Wilder C, 2004, Abstract 2.469. Long‐term follow‐up study of patients with PNES, Epilepsia, 45, 349

Sorted by citations

Items 801–856 of 856

TRANSIENT LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: A TWO-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 60 CASES IN MOROCCO.
Boubga, T., Taous, A., Berri, M. A., & Boulahri, T. (2025) · MedPeer publisher · doi:10.70780/medpeer.000qgqb
Primum non nocere: Endotracheal Intubation for Prolonged Functional/Dissociative Seizures in an Adolescent
Moulton, H., DerMarderosian, D., & Albuja, A. C. (2026) · Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine · doi:10.56305/001c.151717
Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures Following Orthognathic Surgery: A Case Report
Kamada, K., Takamaru, N., Uesugi, A., Akita, K., Fukuda, N., & Kurio, N. (2026) · Oral Science International · doi:10.1002/osi2.70029
Quantifying the impact of a computer‐aided diagnostic score on the clinical diagnosis of functional seizures
Kerr, W. T., McFarlane, K. N., Allas, C. H., Terman, S. W., Reuber, M., Seo, S. H., Barnard, P. A., Koek, A. Y., Karimi, A. H., Sreenivasan, S. S., et al. (2026) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1002/epi.70069
Short and long term seizure outcomes in functional/dissociative seizures: a single center cohort study with 1–10 years of follow up from Türkiye
Güllü, G., Demir, A. B., & Bora, İ. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110872
Functional Dissociative Seizures
Yogarajah, M. (2026) · Epilepsy · doi:10.1002/9781394340064.ch24
Breathing control training as a treatment for functional seizures (BREATHS trial): a multicentre, assessor-blinded, randomised controlled efficacy and acceptability trial study protocol
Kanaan, R., Duncan, R., Mihalopoulos, C., Braat, S., O'Brien, T. J., Velakoulis, D., Kwan, P., Mulder, R. T., Cook, M. J., Mullen, S. A., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-107687
Effectiveness of brief semiological training in distinguishing functional/dissociative seizures from epileptic seizures
Revajová, K., Fusek, M., Doležalová, I., Pail, M., Danhofer, P., Všianská, P., Feketeová, E., & Strýček, O. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.110895
Pediatric functional seizures: Demographics, clinical and psychological characteristics and risk factors
Hamed, S. A., ElHadad, A. F., & Fawzy, M. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.110904
Ambulatory EEG Monitoring in India: A Narrative Review and Roadmap for Integration into Epilepsy Care
Upadhayay, S., Verma, A., Arshad, M. S., Khan, S., Panwar, S., Sanjeeva, S., & Suri, M. (2026) · International Journal of Epilepsy · doi:10.1055/s-0046-1817152
CT-measured optic nerve sheath diameter distinguishes PNES from epileptic seizures in the emergency department
Şener, K., Beydilli, İ., Çolak, T., Cakir, A., Altuğ, E., Paltacı, S., Polatdemir, E., & Baysal, R. (2026) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2026.109391
Prevalence of stressful life events in young people with functional seizures: A systematic review and narrative synthesis
Harris, C., Hevey, D., Coey, P., Žuro, B., & Byrne, G. (2026) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2026.03.012
Reply to “Assessment of the diagnostic utility of the electroencephalogram in pediatric emergencies”: the importance of not overlooking psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in the pediatric population
León‐Ruiz, M., Benito‐León, J., & Castañeda-Cabrero, C. (2026) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2026.501927
Contrôle volontaire des crises et régulation des émotions dans l'épilepsie temporale pharmacorésistante : l’exemple d’une thérapie par GSR biofeedback
Kotwas, I. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7926cfa7z5952z43c0z8a04zc48f8da500f0
Seeing Oneself Seize: A Case Study on the Affordances of a Video-Based Diagnostic Encounter for a Patient with Functional Seizures
Muhr, P. (2026) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-026-09983-2
Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures and Comorbid Epilepsy in Youth
Plioplys, S., & Jutla, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10099-3_26
Resting-state EEG network markers differentiate people with epilepsy and functional seizuresPreprint
Kissack, P., Woldman, W., Sparks, R. E., Winston, J. S., Brunnhuber, F., Ciulini, N., Young, A. H., Faiman, I., & Shotbolt, P. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.14.26350505
Low-intervention care and duration of functional seizures: An exploratory study
Kyrgyzbay, G., Kalinina, D., Zhumabayeva, G., Касенова, А. С., Alzhanova, D., Kimadiev, D., & Utebekov, Z. (2026) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2026.04.020
‘No-No’ head movement as a true epileptic phenomenon – A case series with SEEG and signal processing evaluation
Alotaibi, F., AbdelHamid, A. A., Alsudayri, M. S. T., Alshammri, M., Asiry, M., AlOtaibi, F., AlGarni, S., Khateeb, M., Alsemari, A., Abalkhail, T., et al. (2026) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2026.2111896
Characterization of asthma comorbidity in patients with functional/dissociative seizures
Fox, J., & Hegde, P. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111066
Breaking the Seizure Code: Challenges in Identifying and Managing Functional and Dissociative Seizures
Khorshidian, F. (2026) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.70011
Inappropriate prescribing of antiseizure medications in people with functional seizures: A call to action
Woodward, J. J., Moore, M. L., Strom, L., Watson, M. M., & Pellinen, J. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111087
Validation of a German version of the Anxiety, Abuse, and Somatization Questionnaire (AASQ) for functional/dissociative seizures
Gaballa, A., Banat, G., Hagemann, A., & Brandt, C. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111104
Navigating diagnostic overlap between seizures and movement disorders: A practical clinical approach
Mohammed, W. B., Lira, V., Andrade, D. M., & Fasano, A. A. (2026) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-026-09127-9
Seizure relapse in new onset epilepsy: It is not always drug resistance
Catania, C., Ménétré, E., Fitsiori, A., Kurz, F. T., Legast, G. M., Vulliémoz, S., Genoud, M., Mégevand, P., Wiest, R., Picard, F., et al. (2026) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1002/epi.70298
A systematic review of brain stimulation in functional seizures
Baerz, M. M., Zafarabadi, S., Rajabi, A. H., Aghdam, Z. T., Naderi, M., & Zali, A. (2026) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-026-05021-1
Neuropsychological assessment in adult epilepsy: rationale, test selection, and clinical integration across non-surgical care in Italian patients
Tomaiuolo, F., Vicario, C. M., Cardile, D., Campana, S., Calabrò, R. S., Corallo, F., & Labate, A. (2026) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-026-09174-2
Semiology of functional/dissociative seizures in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: An inpatient video‐electroencephalographic study
Peña‐Ceballos, J., Radhakrishna, K., Choekyi, T., O’Keeffe, C., Ali, M., O'Donnell, A., Munteanu, T., Moloney, P. B., Naggar, H. E., Mullins, G., et al. (2026) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1002/epi.70362
Preictal reduction in heart rate variability entropy is associated with functional/dissociative seizures and provides modest discrimination from epileptic seizures
Alaei, H. S., Kandasamy, R., Kouchaki, S., Yogarajah, M., & Abásolo, D. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111181
Do witnesses of functional/dissociative seizures recall them accurately? A UK experimental study of semiology recall at clinically relevant time points with a pilot intervention
Noble, A. J., Lane, S., Al‐Khaddar, A., Blundy, A., Dubois, B., Pearce, C., Sztriha, L., Powell, G., Wardrope, A., Mohanraj, R., et al. (2026) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1002/epi.70388
Characterizing functional connectivity alterations in functional/ dissociative seizures using resting-state and naturalistic fMRI
Moscol, G., Castrilli, B., Jain, P. B., Mofrad, M. H., Jafari, A., Aur, D., Yartey, E., Muller, L., Khan, A. R., Johnsrude, I. S., et al. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111189
Evaluating diagnostic yield of ambulatory EEG for interictal epileptiform discharges and seizures
Kindja, N. L., Biju, L., Castellano, J. F., Kerr, W. T., & Rajasekaran, V. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111206
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in pediatric neurosurgical patients with drug-resistant epilepsy
Bazarkhandaeva, T. B., Kim, A. V., Ivanova, N. E., Dengina, N. O., & Одинцова, Г. В. (2026) · Russian Journal for Personalized Medicine · doi:10.18705/2782-3806-2026-6-3-150-159
Functional/dissociative seizures in a single women’s rehabilitation center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a single-center case series and thematic analysis of neuropsychiatric presentation, cultural meaning, and structural barriers to care
Alemu, Y., Yoeal, K., Fikirte, W., Hailu, L., Tsion, F., Ohiomoba, P., & Negussie, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1903222
Alpha power and brain functional connectivity as signatures of altered network dynamics in functional/dissociative seizures: A proof of concept study
Dubček, T., Küenzler, M., Schmutz, M., Mothersill, I. W., Boin, C., Jokeit, H., Ledergerber, D., & Imbach, L. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111253
Treatment engagement and 12-month outcomes after diagnostic communication and individualized treatment planning in patients with functional neurological disorder
Michaelis, R., Billstein, L., Schlömer, S., Hölscher, D., Braun, K., Reuber, M., Grönheit, W., Wehner, T., Grunert, C., Jungilligens, J., et al. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111225
Electroclinical Dissociation in Generalized Epilepsy: A Video‐EEG Case From Sub‐Saharan Africa
Ayele, Y. (2026) · Case Reports in Medicine · doi:10.1155/carm/5593355
From targeted SCN1A analysis to whole exome sequencing: clinical utility and novel genetic findings in a Hungarian paediatric epilepsy cohort
Szalai, R., Till, Á., Galimurka, K., Bánfai, Z., Zsigmond, A., & Hadzsiev, K. (2026) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-026-02867-w
Distributed gray–white matter structural covariance alterations and interindividual heterogeneity in adolescents with functional/dissociative seizures
Dhanik, K., Arya, A., Agarwal, V., & Kumar, U. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111260
Transitional objects and objective clinical signs in functional/dissociative seizures and epileptic seizures: A comparative study
Robin, A., Nguyen, L., Husein, N., Keezer, M. R., & Nguyen, D. K. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111273
Paradoxical relief after seizures: a diagnostic signal distinguishing functional/dissociative from epileptic seizuresPreprint
Masharani, A., Koreki, A., Marcelo, M., Shalfrooshan, K., Diamos, M., Santucci, C., Pillai, K., Bindman, D., O’Sullivan, S., Rugg‐Gunn, F. J., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.08.27.26360607
When Mind Hurts the Skin: A Rare Case of Dermatitis Artefacta in an Epileptic Female
Ullah, M., Ali, T., Javaid, M. H., Khalid, M., Ahmad, N., Haider, F., Tahir, O., Iqbal, M., Afridi, S., Ali, E., et al. (2026) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.73411
Functional (dissociative) seizures in PCDH19 ‐clustering epilepsy: Clinical characteristics and diagnostic challenges
Cagigal, R., Peña‐Ceballos, J., Moloney, P. B., Alguacil, E. G., Casanova, N. L., Tennant, E., Martínez-González, M. J., Gómez‐Mayordomo, V., García-Ortega, A., Perjoc, R., et al. (2026) · Epileptic Disorders · doi:10.1002/epd2.70406
Artificial intelligence in epilepsy diagnosis: Clinical readiness, failure modes, and standards for Implementation
Escobar-Montalvo, J. M., Torres, A. M., Escobar-Ipuz, F. A., & Mateo, J. (2026) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2026.09.013
Comparing psychological factors associated with somatic symptoms and seizure frequency in people with epilepsy and functional seizures: Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression
Rowland, J., Gaskell, C., Reuber, M., Kirkby, A., Ellis, S. J., & Melia, Y. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111314
The Gatekeeper's Dilemma
Watson, M. M., Moore, M. L., Parker, A., Kerr, W. T., Woodward, J. J., & Strom, L. A. (2026) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000200666
Clinical characteristics and semiological pitfalls in patients with focal epilepsy and functional/dissociative seizures: A comparative analysis of correct and incorrect initial diagnoses
Gillinder, L., Lehn, A., & Härtel, G. (2026) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1002/epi.70487
Taking a clinical history in adolescents and adults presenting with seizures or epilepsy
Gaitatzis, A., Beniczky, S., Sander, J. W. A. S., Perucca, P., & Seewann, A. (2026) · Epileptic Disorders · doi:10.1002/epd2.70368
Clinical characteristics, semiology, and comorbidity patterns in non-epileptic seizures (NES): a retrospective comparative study
Caruso, P., Quagliotto, M., Radin, Y., Pavan, S., Manganotti, P., & Benussi, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1982723
Attitudes toward treating functional neurological disorders: psychological service provider perspectives
Garrett, R., Hoti, L., Roberts, N. A., Burleson, M. H., Myers, L., & Wang, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1892903
Challenges of war: paroxysmal disorders in military personnel. Observational experience and optimization of differential diagnosis
Kaduk, I. H., Kaduk, D., Seliukov, H. I., & Dubenko, A. (2026) · EMERGENCY MEDICINE · doi:10.22141/2224-0586.22.6.2026.2066
Incurable and drug-resistant epilepsy
Dubenko, A., Kaduk, I. H., Seliukov, H. I., Marienko, L. B., & Litovchenko, T. (2026) · EMERGENCY MEDICINE · doi:10.22141/2224-0586.22.6.2026.2059
Internet Intervention for Functional Seizures
Higson, L., Chen, Z., Rayner, G., Alpitsis, R., Knayfati, S., O'Brien, T. J., & Winton-Brown, T. (2026) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2026.3893
EPISÓDIOS PAROXÍSTICOS EM CRIANÇA EXPOSTA AO BULLYING ESCOLAR:
Lacle, J. A. C., Achinte, C. A. P., Zemanate, A. I. D. A., Roa, L. F. R., García, J. N. G., Ortiz-Santana, B., Arrigui, S. V., Echeverry, J. C. M., Rentería, M. C., & Orozco, A. M. M. (2026) · Epistimoniki. · doi:10.56579/epistimoniki.v3.i4.132
QUANDO A CRISE NÃO É EPILEPSIA:
Lacle, J. A. C., Mesa, I. J., Magaña, H. C., Rentería, M. C., Arrigui, S. V., Ortiz-Santana, B., Echeverry, J. C. M., García, J. N. G., & Orozco, A. M. M. (2026) · Epistimoniki. · doi:10.56579/epistimoniki.v3.i4.133
Outcomes of patients with functional/dissociative seizures after neurobehavioral therapy
Zhang, J., Garrett, R., Bates, J., Quazi, N., Talkad, H., Hu, C., & Wang, A. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111333

Authors: LaFrance, W. C., Baker, G. A., Duncan, R., Goldstein, L. H., & Reuber, M.
Affiliations: Division of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology Rhode Island Hospital Providence Rhode Island U.S.A
University of Liverpool (GB)
Christchurch Hospital (NZ)
King's College London (GB)
Royal Hallamshire Hospital (GB)
ORCID: Baker, Gus A.
Goldstein, Laura H.
Reuber, Markus
Venue: Epilepsia
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013-09-20
Volume: 54
Issue: 11
Pages: 2005-2018
ISSN: 0013-9580 (ISSN-L)
1528-1167
DOI: 10.1111/epi.12356
OpenAlex: W1946832819
Cited by: 856
References: 160
Citations by year: 2026: 62 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 4.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
Licence: other-oa
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Epilepsia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Epilepsy research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Keywords: psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, diagnosis, video electroencephalography, diagnostic certainty, hypnosis, conversation analysis, neuroimaging, neuropsychological assessment, medical history, non-epileptic seizures
MeSH terms: Diagnosis, Differential, Electroencephalography, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Neuropsychological Tests, Seizures, Advisory Committees

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Minimum requirements for the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A staged approach: A report from the International League Against Epilepsy Nonepileptic Seizures Task Force

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks