Evolution of a soft‐tissue foraging adaptation in African cichlids: Roles for novelty, convergence, and constraint
Abstract
Understanding the origins of biodiversity demands consideration of both extrinsic (e.g., ecological opportunity) and intrinsic (e.g., developmental constraint) factors. Here, we use a combination of phylogenetic and genetic tools to address the origin of novelty in African cichlids. In particular, we focus on an extreme hypertrophied snout that is structurally integrated with the upper jaw. We show that this bizarre trait has evolved independently in at least two distinct and ecologically successful cichlid clades. We find that snout dimensions are decoupled both phenotypically and genetically, which has enabled it to evolve independently in multiple directions. Further, patterns of variation among species and within a genetic mapping pedigree suggest that relative to snout length, depth is under greater genetic and/or developmental constraint. Models of evolution suggest that snout shape is under selection for feeding behavior, with snout depth being important for algae scraping and snout length for sand sifting. Indeed, the deep snout of some algivores is achieved via an expansion of the intermaxillary ligament, which is important for jaw stability and may increase feeding performance. Overall, our data imply that the evolution of exaggerated snout depth required overcoming a genetic/developmental constraint, which led to expanded ecological opportunity via foraging adaptation.
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In A. leptura the snout is sexually monomorphic and likely involved in increased foraging efficiency, whereas in O. nasuta it is only found in mature males and is likely a secondary sexual character.
“In A. leptura it is sexually monomorphic and likely involved in increased foraging efficiency (similar to Labeotropheus ), whereas in O. nasuta it is only found in mature males and is likely a secondary sexual character”
From Parallel molecular mechanisms underlie convergent evolution of the exaggerated snout phenotype in East African cichlids (2022) · cites this paper as Conith et al. 2019
A similar snout structure has been described in two species from the Ectodini tribe, Ophthalmotilapia nasuta and Asprotilapia leptura, from Lake Tanganyika.
“A similar snout structure has also been described in two species from the Ectodini tribe ( Ophthalmotilapia nasuta and Asprotilapia leptura ) from Lake Tanganyika.”
From Parallel molecular mechanisms underlie convergent evolution of the exaggerated snout phenotype in East African cichlids (2022) · cites this paper as Conith et al. 2019
The exaggerated snout is a convergent phenotype that evolved independently in two cichlid lineages that diverged more than 9 MYA.
“Thus, the exaggerated snout is a convergent phenotype that evolved independently in two cichlid lineages that diverged > 9 MYA”
From Parallel molecular mechanisms underlie convergent evolution of the exaggerated snout phenotype in East African cichlids (2022) · cites this paper as Conith et al. 2019
The snout of Labeotropheus fuelleborni contains a lot more of intermaxillary ligament and loose connective tissue (80%) than the snout of O. nasuta (50%).
“In a comparison of tissue types of the snout flap it has been found that the snout of Labeotropheus fuelleborni contains a lot more of intermaxillary ligament and loose connective tissue (80%) than the snout of O. nasuta (50%)”
From Parallel molecular mechanisms underlie convergent evolution of the exaggerated snout phenotype in East African cichlids (2022) · cites this paper as Conith et al. 2019
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“In A. leptura it is sexually monomorphic and likely involved in increased foraging efficiency (similar to Labeotropheus), whereas in O. nasuta it is only found in mature males and is likely a secondary sexual character (Hanssens et al. 1999; Conith et al. 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGromova, E. S., & Махотин, В. В. (2022) · Russian Journal of Marine Biology · doi:10.1134/s1063074022020043 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hydrodynamics and biomechanics of feeding
Holzman, R., Camp, A., & Perevolotsky, T. (2025) · Fish physiology · doi:10.1016/bs.fp.2025.06.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Uzeda, P. L. D. C., Pessali, T. C., Katz, A. M., Ottoni, F. P., Langeani, F., & Silva, P. C. (2026) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.70547
Fráguas, P. S., Uzeda, P. L. D. C., de Carvalho, D. R., Ferreira, F. F., Sperber, C. F., & Pompeu, P. D. S. (2026) · Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment · doi:10.1080/01650521.2026.2702474
- Authors
- Conith, M. R., Conith, A. J., & Albertson, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- Albertson, R. Craig
- Venue
- Evolution
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-09-02
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2072-2084
- ISSN
- 0014-3820 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-5646
- OpenAlex
- W2967479895
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 4.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (IOS‐1054909, DEB‐1501385)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Geometry and Topology › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
- Keywords
- African cichlids, snout length, developmental constraints, convergent evolution, ecological opportunity, algivory, feeding behavior, gene mapping
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Feeding Behavior, Nose, Phylogeny, Cichlids
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