Particulate matter induces pro‐inflammatory cytokines via phosphorylation of p38 MAPK possibly leading to dermal inflammaging
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is known to have harmful effects on human health. Epidemiological studies have suggested that PM exposure is related to skin diseases and extrinsic skin ageing. However, the mechanisms by which PM affects skin are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of PMs on epidermal inflammation and skin ageing using a co‐culture of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblasts (HDF). SRM 1648a (pmA) and 1649b (pmB), which mainly comprise heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively, were used as reference PMs. Cytotoxic effects, activation of AhR, phosphorylation of p38 kinase and ROS generation were examined in PM‐treated HaCaT cells. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK induced by PMs was shown to be critically important for the increases in IL‐1α and IL‐1β expression. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP1 and COX2 were markedly increased in HDF cells co‐cultured with PM‐treated HaCaT cells. In conclusion, PMs induce the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes via the p38 MAPK pathway, and these interleukins increase the expression of MMP1 and COX2 in HDF cells. These results suggest that PMs trigger skin ageing via p38 MAPK activation and interleukin secretion in epidermal keratinocytes.
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IL-1α and IL-1β upregulate the expression of MMP-1 and COX-2 in human dermal fibroblasts, contributing to dermal collagen disruption and wrinkle formation.
“These ILs upregulate the expression of MMP-1 and COX-2 in human dermal fibroblasts, contributing to dermal collagen disruption and wrinkle formation68.”
From Air Pollution and Skin Diseases (2025) · cites this paper as [68]
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- Authors
- Kim, M., Kim, J. H., Jeong, G. J., Park, K. Y., Lee, M., & Seo, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Chung-Ang University Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Kui Young
- Seo, Seong Jun
- Venue
- Experimental Dermatology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-05-15
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 809-815
- ISSN
- 0906-6705 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0625
- OpenAlex
- W2939638420
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 7.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2017R1C1B1007523)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- particulate matter, air pollution, skin aging, inflammaging, p38 MAPK phosphorylation, inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 alpha, IL-1β, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, MMP-1, cyclooxygenase-2, reactive oxygen species, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, skin inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Cell Survival, Collagen, Fibroblasts, Humans, Inflammation, Phosphorylation, Skin, Skin Aging, Keratinocytes, Cytokines, Reactive Oxygen Species, Coculture Techniques, Matrix Metalloproteinase 1, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Cyclooxygenase 2, Particulate Matter, Interleukin-1alpha, Interleukin-1beta
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