Environmental Air Pollutants Affecting Skin Functions with Systemic Implications
Open accessAbstract
The increase in air pollution worldwide represents an environmental risk factor that has global implications for the health of humans worldwide. The skin of billions of people is exposed to a mixture of harmful air pollutants, which can affect its physiology and are responsible for cutaneous damage. Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are photoreactive and could be activated by ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Therefore, such UVR exposure would enhance their deleterious effects on the skin. Air pollution also affects vitamin D synthesis by reducing UVB radiation, which is essential for the production of vitamin D3, tachysterol, and lumisterol derivatives. Ambient air pollutants, photopollution, blue-light pollution, and cigarette smoke compromise cutaneous structural integrity, can interact with human skin microbiota, and trigger or exacerbate a range of skin diseases through various mechanisms. Generally, air pollution elicits an oxidative stress response on the skin that can activate the inflammatory responses. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) can act as a sensor for small molecules such as air pollutants and plays a crucial role in responses to (photo)pollution. On the other hand, targeting AhR/Nrf2 is emerging as a novel treatment option for air pollutants that induce or exacerbate inflammatory skin diseases. Therefore, AhR with downstream regulatory pathways would represent a crucial signaling system regulating the skin phenotype in a Yin and Yang fashion defined by the chemical nature of the activating factor and the cellular and tissue context.
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Activation of AhR/MAPK signaling in melanocytes in response to air pollutants such as PAH or dioxins promotes the proliferation of melanocytes, resulting in hyperpigmentation and melasma.
“Lastly, the activation of AhR/MAPK signaling in melanocytes in response to air pollutants such as PAH or dioxins promotes the proliferation of melanocytes, resulting in hyperpigmentation and melasma [41,66].”
From The Environmental Determinants of Skin Health: Linking Climate Change, Air Pollution, and the Dermatologic Disease Burden (2025) · cites this paper as [66]
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Self-citationMolecular Basis of Tobacco Smoke-Induced Premature Skin Aging
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“They compromise cutaneous structural integrity, interact with human skin microbiota, and trigger or exacerbate a range of skin diseases through various mechanisms [4,37,38], which are briefly discussed below.”
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Self-citationAryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Is an Ozone Sensor in Human Skin
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“This depletion of the O3 layer can impact the dual effects of UVR on skin health [26,169] and likely enhance the risk of skin cancer.”
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Cutaneous glucocorticosteroidogenesis: securing local homeostasis and the skin integrity
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Novel vitamin D photoproducts and their precursors in the skin
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Self-citationCigarette Smoking and the Risks of Basal Cell Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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The dioxin receptor has tumor suppressor activity in melanoma growth and metastasis
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- Authors
- Bocheva, G., Slominski, R. M., & Slominski, A. T.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Sofia (BG)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Slominski, Andrzej T.
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-06-22
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 10502
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10341863
- OpenAlex
- W4381803506
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 289
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 4.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (1R01AR073004-01A1, R01AR071189-01A1, R21 AI149267-01A1, 1I01BX004293-01A1, W81XWH2210689)
- VA (1R01AR073004-01A1, R01AR071189-01A1, R21 AI149267-01A1, 1I01BX004293-01A1, W81XWH2210689)
- DOD (1R01AR073004-01A1, R01AR071189-01A1, R21 AI149267-01A1, 1I01BX004293-01A1, W81XWH2210689)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- air pollution, skin health, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ultraviolet radiation, cigarette smoke, vitamin D synthesis, UV-B radiation, skin microbiome, skin diseases, oxidative stress, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Nrf2, inflammatory skin diseases
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Humans, Skin, Skin Diseases, Ultraviolet Rays, Vitamin D, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon
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