Cited by 94Skin Protection and AgingDermatology and Skin DiseasesToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

Environmental Air Pollutants Affecting Skin Functions with Systemic Implications

Open access
Bocheva, Georgeta, Slominski, Radomir M., Slominski, Andrzej T.·2023·International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Abstract

The increase in air pollution worldwide represents an environmental risk factor that has global implications for the health of humans worldwide. The skin of billions of people is exposed to a mixture of harmful air pollutants, which can affect its physiology and are responsible for cutaneous damage. Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are photoreactive and could be activated by ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Therefore, such UVR exposure would enhance their deleterious effects on the skin. Air pollution also affects vitamin D synthesis by reducing UVB radiation, which is essential for the production of vitamin D3, tachysterol, and lumisterol derivatives. Ambient air pollutants, photopollution, blue-light pollution, and cigarette smoke compromise cutaneous structural integrity, can interact with human skin microbiota, and trigger or exacerbate a range of skin diseases through various mechanisms. Generally, air pollution elicits an oxidative stress response on the skin that can activate the inflammatory responses. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) can act as a sensor for small molecules such as air pollutants and plays a crucial role in responses to (photo)pollution. On the other hand, targeting AhR/Nrf2 is emerging as a novel treatment option for air pollutants that induce or exacerbate inflammatory skin diseases. Therefore, AhR with downstream regulatory pathways would represent a crucial signaling system regulating the skin phenotype in a Yin and Yang fashion defined by the chemical nature of the activating factor and the cellular and tissue context.

Verifying this paper

8 of 9 steps done · this page updates itself — you can leave and come back

  1. Registry recordVerified
  2. Full textRead the full text
  3. Reference list289 references found
  4. Reference checkChecking each cited work — 288 of 288
  5. StatisticsNeeds the full text
  6. ClaimsNeeds the full text
  7. Cited sourcesNeeds claims to check
  8. Self-checkNeeds the full text
  9. VerificationFindings verified

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ijms241310502

Cites

288 of 288 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 289 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Bocheva, G., Slominski, R. M., & Slominski, A. T.
Affiliations
  • Medical University of Sofia (BG)
  • University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
Corresponding author
Slominski, Andrzej T.
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-06-22
Volume
24
Issue
13
Pages
10502
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4381803506
Cited by
94
References
289
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 1
FWCI
4.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • NIH (1R01AR073004-01A1, R01AR071189-01A1, R21 AI149267-01A1, 1I01BX004293-01A1, W81XWH2210689)
  • VA (1R01AR073004-01A1, R01AR071189-01A1, R21 AI149267-01A1, 1I01BX004293-01A1, W81XWH2210689)
  • DOD (1R01AR073004-01A1, R01AR071189-01A1, R21 AI149267-01A1, 1I01BX004293-01A1, W81XWH2210689)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords
air pollution, skin health, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ultraviolet radiation, cigarette smoke, vitamin D synthesis, UV-B radiation, skin microbiome, skin diseases, oxidative stress, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Nrf2, inflammatory skin diseases
MeSH terms
Air Pollutants, Humans, Skin, Skin Diseases, Ultraviolet Rays, Vitamin D, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review