A survey of mothers' experiences of shared parenting and domestic violence

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Jaffe et al. (2008) reference Kelly and Johnson (2008) and suggest various forms of domestic violence: abusive-controlling violent relationships, conflict-instigated violence, violent resistance, and separation-instigated violence.

“Jaffe et al. (2008) reference the work of Kelly and Johnson (2008) and suggest that there are various forms of domestic violence: abusive-controlling violent relationships (also known as coercive controlling violence); conflictinstigated violence; violent resistance; and, separation-instigated violence.”

• cites Jaffe et al. (2008) sourceSupported
• cites Kelly and Johnson (2008) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Coercive control may be exercised to obtain information about the mother's activities or to hurt mothers by restricting contact with their children.

“Coercive control may continue to be exercised by the perpetrator to obtain information about the mother's activities (Callaghan et al., 2015;Holt, 2017) or hurt mothers by restricting contact between mothers and their children (Holt, 2017).”

• cites Callaghan et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Holt, 2017 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Increased externalized behaviors are noted when young children (2-4 years) are exposed to domestic violence.

“Increased externalized behaviors are also noted when young children (2-4 years) are exposed to domestic violence (Manning et al., 2014).”

• cites Manning et al., 2014 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Maternal Sensitivity as a Moderator of Links Between IPV and Child Adjustment; page not provided) report increased externalizing behavior with greater interparental violence, but only when maternal sensitivity was low. The Method (Participants; page not provided) describes toddlers with a mean initial age of 26 months, followed over two years. The claim omits the protective role of maternal sensitivity and presents the association as applying generally to exposed young children. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Face-to-face recruitment is considered critical for effective recruitment of mothers who have experienced domestic violence.

“Face-to-face recruitment has long been considered critical in developing effective recruitment strategies for mothers who have experienced domestic violence (Bender, 2017;Dichter et al., 2019).”

• cites Bender, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Dichter et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Strategy II section describes face-to-face recruitment in clinic waiting rooms, and the Discussion identifies advantages of direct contact with researchers. But the paper studies women experiencing intimate partner violence, not specifically mothers, and does not call face-to-face contact critical: the Recruitment and Enrollment Results report that 29.0% were recruited in clinic, compared with 63.3% by direct mail. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The CESD has good internal consistency reliability and has been used with survivors of domestic violence, with Cronbach's α > 0.90 in community samples.

“The CESD, a 20-item scale to measure symptoms of depression, has been used in depression epidemiology in Community Mental Health Assessment Surveys, has good internal consistency reliability, and has been used to assess levels of depression in cross-cultural studies with survivors of domestic violence (Li & Hicks, 2008) with Cronbach's α > 0.90 in community samples (Koziol-McLain et al., 2015).”

• cites Li & Hicks, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Koziol-McLain et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Methods/Design > Outcomes passage reports strong psychometric properties, including Cronbach’s α > 0.90 in community samples, for the CESD-R. It distinguishes the CESD-R from the original CESD, so it does not directly establish that reliability figure for the CESD named in the citing sentence. The cross-cultural use claim is attributed to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Sweden, approximately one-third of children 0-5 years in divorced families spend time in shared parenting arrangements, and parents valued these arrangements as a means to continue and strengthen children's relationships with both parents.

“Authors of a recent qualitative study out of Sweden, where approximately one-third of children 0-5 years in divorced families spend their time in shared parenting arrangements, reported that parents valued shared parenting arrangements as a means to continue and strengthen children's relationships with both parents (Fransson et al., 2016).”

• cites Fransson et al., 2016 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Two quantitative studies in the US reported negative outcomes for children in situations of domestic violence, including short and long-term emotional and developmental outcomes and neurological impacts.

“In the United States, two quantitative studies reported similar negative outcomes for children in situations of domestic violence including short and long-term emotional and developmental outcomes (Udo et al., 2016) and neurological impacts (Easterbrooks et al., 2018).”

• cites Udo et al., 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Bivariate and Multivariate Analyses; page unavailable) report higher risks of language and neurological delay among infants and toddlers whose mothers experienced moderate or high IPV, supporting the developmental-outcomes portion. The Introduction discusses emotional problems in children of abused women, but this study did not measure emotional outcomes or establish long-term outcomes. The citing sentence assigns neurological impacts to Easterbrooks et al., not to Udo et al. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Easterbrooks et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Mothers in shared parenting arrangements experienced various forms of domestic violence, with coercive control being the most evident.

“Findings show that while mothers experienced various forms of domestic violence in shared parenting arrangements, experiences of coercive control were most evident.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study's total sample comprised 84 mothers who completed the questionnaires.

“The total sample included 84 mothers who completed questionnaires.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The relationship between the HITS and each of the five CoPAFS subscales was statistically significant, with mothers who scored lower on the HITS (less domestic violence) scoring higher on the subscales: Communication (U = 490.50, p = 0.001), Respect (U = 485.00, p = 0.001), Trust (U = 508.50, p = 0.002), Animosity (U = 462.00, p < 0.001) and Valuing the Other Parent (U = 619.00, p = 0.032).

“The relationship between the HITS and each of the CoPAFS subscales was also statistically significant, whereby mothers who scored lower on the HITS (less experience of DV) scored higher on the CoPAFS subscales (Table 3):”

May combine two claims.

When mothers scored below HITS cut-off, 54.5% of other parents had 0-40% parenting time and 45.5% had 41%+.

“When mothers scored below the cut-off for the HITS (representing fewer indicators of DV), 54.5% (n = 18) of the other parents had 0%-40% parenting time, and 45.5% (n = 15) had 41% or more parenting time; a nearly equal split between groups.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

When the frequency of individual domestic violence items was dichotomized as never/rarely versus more often, six of the seven items were significantly related to the CoPAFS total score, while the Hurt item was not significant.

“Not only was the HITS total score significantly correlated with the CoPAFS, but so too were the individual DV items when the frequency was dichotomized as”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

71% of mothers identified as Caucasian/white and 14% as racialized.

“Most of the mothers (71%; n = 60) identified as 400 FAMILY COURT REVIEW Caucasian/white, while 14% (n = 12) identified as racialized (non-white).”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Mothers who reported ever being physically hurt had significantly higher DV total scores than those who had never been physically hurt (t[82]=-9.8, p<0.001).

“When considering the survey data from all seven DV/CC indicators there were a few mothers who had low DV total scores, meaning a score of 8-10, suggesting only a few incidences of DV/CC behaviors (See Table 3 for DV total score frequencies), whereas, mothers who indicated ever being physically hurt by a partner had significantly higher DV total scores compared to mothers who had never been”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The three additional non-standardized items (stalking, excessive texting, restricting access to finances) adequately capture coercive control.

May combine two claims.

67% separated, 19% divorced, 9.5% never married/not in relationship.

“The mothers identified as being separated (67%; n = 56) or divorced (19%; n = 16) from the other party, while 9.5% (n = 8) were never married to and were not currently in a relationship with the other party.”

May combine two claims.

Of 51 mothers above HITS cut-off, custody arrangements were: 15 sole custody, 12 joint legal with child in mother's care, 11 joint physical, 1 joint legal with child in father's care, 1 split, 11 other.

“Of the 51 mothers who scored above the cut-off on the HITS (more indicators of DV), 15 had sole custody of the child, 12 had joint legal custody with the child in the mother's care, 11 had joint physical custody, 1 had joint legal custody with the child in the father's care, 1 had split custody, and 11 reported another type of arrangement.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

More than half (53.6%) were stalked by a former partner.

“A total of 50% of the respondents indicated they had been physically hurt by a partner at least once; 97.6% reported being insulted or talked down to; two-thirds of the respondents have been threatened with harm; 81% reported being screamed or cursed at; more than half of respondents have been stalked by a former partner; 71.4% reported receiving excessive texts from a former partner; and more”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The three additional non-standardized items (stalking, excessive texting, restricting access to finances) adequately capture coercive control.

The quote only partly states this claim.

More than two-thirds (69%) had access to finances restricted by a partner.

“A total of 50% of the respondents indicated they had been physically hurt by a partner at least once; 97.6% reported being insulted or talked down to; two-thirds of the respondents have been threatened with harm; 81% reported being screamed or cursed at; more than half of respondents have been stalked by a former partner; 71.4% reported receiving excessive texts from a former partner; and more”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The three additional non-standardized items (stalking, excessive texting, restricting access to finances) adequately capture coercive control.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The sample distribution was 44% Ontario, 42% Alberta, and 13% Manitoba.

“A total of 44% (n = 38) of the sample was from Ontario, 42% (n = 35) from Alberta, and 13% (n = 11) from Manitoba.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There were 100 children aged 0-4; 49 aged 0-2 and 51 aged 3-4.

“Altogether, there were 100 children aged 0-4; 49 were aged 0-2, and 51 were aged 3-4 (See Table 1).”

May combine two claims.

Children aged 3-4 were meeting milestones in most cases, with only 4-14% warranting referral.

“The children aged 3-4 were assessed by their mothers to be meeting milestones in most cases, with only 4%-14% of children warranting a referral for professional assessment (scored across five subscales and reported in a range).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Ages & Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE-2) is a valid measure of child development for this population.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

63% of participants were aged 26-35, 11% 21-25, 14% 36-40, and 11% 41-50.

“Nearly two-thirds of the participants were between the ages of 26 and 35 (63%; n = 53), with the remaining ranging from 21 to 25 (11%; n = 9), 36 to 40 (14%; n = 12), and 41 to 50 (11%; n = 9).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

84 mothers answered all four sections of the survey.

“Of the mothers who participated in the survey, 84 answered all four sections; demographics, domestic violence and mental health, shared parenting, child development, and having at least one child aged 0-4.”

May combine two claims.

Mothers who reported ever being physically hurt had a HITS mean total score above the cut-off (M=15.3, SD=2.7), significantly higher than those never physically hurt (M=8.5, SD=2.9; t[82]=-11.2, p<0.001).

“Additionally, the survey data on the four DV/CC indicators from the HITS screening tool (standard cut-off of 10.5) show that the mothers who reported ever being physically hurt by a partner had a HITS mean total score above the cut-off (M = 15.3;SD = 2.7), and this was significantly higher than the mothers who reported never being physically hurt and had a mean total score below the cut-off (M = 8”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The three additional non-standardized items (stalking, excessive texting, restricting access to finances) adequately capture coercive control.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

88% had some post-secondary education, 70% college diploma or university degree, 58% earning over $40,000, 64% employed full or part-time.

“The majority have some post-secondary education (88%; n = 74), while 70% have a college diploma or university degree, with 58% (n = 49) earning over $40,000 annually, employed full or part-time (64%; n = 54).”

May combine two claims.

Of 39 children aged 0-2, 62% were meeting age-expected milestones, 13% may benefit from monitoring, and 26% warranted referral.

“Of the 39 children aged 0-2, mothers of 24 (62%) of the children reported the child was meeting age-expected milestones, as assessed by the ASQ:SE-2, while 5 children (13%) may benefit from monitoring of development, and a further 10 children (26%) warranted a referral for a professional assessment of their development.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Ages & Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE-2) is a valid measure of child development for this population.

May combine two claims.

82% of participants identified three or more of the seven DV/CC items, and 32% experienced all seven.

“For example, 69 (82%) participants identified three or more of the seven items, whereas nearly one-third (32%) of participants experienced all seven items of DV/CC (see Figures 1 and 2).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The three additional non-standardized items (stalking, excessive texting, restricting access to finances) adequately capture coercive control.

May combine two claims.

38% of the children aged 0-2 were showing signs of developmental concern and their mothers had reported at least one form of domestic violence.

“While we can state that 38% of the children aged 0-2 were showing signs of developmental concern and their mothers had reported at least one form of DV”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Canadian legislation provides both parents the right to participate in their children's upbringing post separation and divorce and supports regular and meaningful contact.

“Currently Canadian legislation provides both parents the right to participate in their children's upbringing post separation and divorce (Divorce Act, 1986) and supports regular and meaningful contact between both parents and the children.”

• cites Divorce Act, 1986Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A mother's mental health is raised as a question of her capacity to care for children, which is a risk factor for children.

“A mother's mental health is raised as a question of her capacity to care for children (Hughes et al., 2015;Qu, 2004); a risk factor for children.”

• cites Hughes et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Qu, 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Violence does not end with separation and may escalate, and there is a lack of outcome studies on differential parenting arrangements in the context of domestic violence.

“Jaffe (2014) reports that violence does not end with separation and may escalate and notes a lack of outcome studies on differential parenting arrangements in the context of domestic violence.”

• cites Jaffe (2014) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In a context of violence, mothers can be held to a higher standard than fathers in protecting children and can be constructed as unfit parents.

“Within a context of violence, mothers can be held to a higher standard than fathers in protecting their children from the systems that are designed to protect them and can be constructed as an unfit parent, regardless of cultural context (Boyd, 2017;Hughes et al., 2015).”

• cites Boyd, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hughes et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The presumption of shared parenting as the ideal parenting plan has become a dominant policy debate underpinning legal judgments and service delivery, with advocacy pressures.

“The presumption of shared parenting as the ideal parenting plan has become a dominant parenting plan policy debate that underpins legal judgments and service delivery, with pressures from advocacy groups to move to a presumption of shared parenting for each case involved in the courts (Bala et al., 2017;Statistics Canada, 2012).”

• cites Bala et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Statistics Canada, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The intent of coercive control behaviors is to punish and instill fear in the woman.

“The intent of these patterned acts is to punish and instill fear in the woman (Stark, 2007(Stark, , 2009)).”

• cites Stark, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Stark, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Department of Justice Canada court file review found that 75% of parenting plan arrangements included shared decision making by both parents, 20% had mothers as primary decision makers, and 3% had fathers as primary decision makers.

“For example, the Department of Justice Canada court file review found that 75% of parenting plan arrangements included shared decision making by both parents and an additional 20% of 396 FAMILY COURT REVIEW cases where the mothers were the primary decision makers, and 3% wherein fathers were the primary decision makers.”

May combine two claims.

The family law system may judge mothers for not protecting children from violence and question their motivation, which can result in loss of parenting time when safety concerns are expressed.

“Additionally, the family law system may judge mothers for not protecting children from violence, and question the mother's motivation to keep their children safe (Boyd, 2017;Hughes et al., 2015) which can result in the loss of parenting time when a mother expresses safety concerns to professionals (Jevne & Andenaes, 2015;Mosoff et al., 2017).”

• cites Boyd, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hughes et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jevne & Andenaes, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Domestic violence is gaining acceptance across many jurisdictions as more than just physical violence.

“Domestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV), is gaining acceptance across many jurisdictions as more than just physical violence (Elizabeth, 2015), for example, in New Zealand (Elizabeth, 2017), Australia (Douglas, 2018), UK (Barnett, 2015), Hungary (Galátai et al., 2019), Canada (Fotheringham et al., 2013), and in the United States (Gutowski & Goodman, 2020;Walker, 2020).”

• cites Elizabeth, 2015Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Elizabeth, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Douglas, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A Department of Justice Canada review of court files from 2010-2012 found that only 21% of files included children sharing at least 40% of their time with both parents.

“While there has been a steady increase in shared parenting plans in recent years, a review of court files between 2010 and 2012 by the Department of Justice Canada found that only 21% of the files included children sharing at least 40% of their time with both parents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Canada, shared parenting plans typically involve at least 40% of the time with both parents and are related to child support guidelines.

“While there remains no consensus about the breakdown of time to define shared parenting, parenting plans typically involve at least 40% of the time with both parents in Canada and are related to child support guidelines (Bala et al., 2017;Bala, 2014).”

• cites Bala et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bala, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Custody stalking and paper abuse have been identified as other forms of coercive controlling behavior.

“More recently, 'custody stalking' (Elizabeth, 2017) and 'paper abuse' (Miller & Manzer, 2021) have been identified as other forms of coercive controlling behavior.”

• cites Elizabeth, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Miller & Manzer, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hardesty and Ganong (2006) introduced the idea that domestic violence might include physical violence only, physical violence with coercive controlling behaviors, or coercive controlling behaviors alone.

“Earlier research in the United States, Hardesty and Ganong (2006) introduced the idea that domestic violence might include physical violence only, physical violence with coercive controlling behaviors, or coercive controlling behaviors alone.”

• cites Hardesty and Ganong (2006) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some studies document general benefits to families in shared parenting arrangements, especially when separated parents get along and focus on children's needs.

“Some of these studies document general benefits to families in shared parenting arrangements (Bauserman, 2002(Bauserman, , 2012;;Trinder, 2010), especially when separated parents can get along with one another and can focus on the needs of the children (Jaffe, 2014).”

• cites Bauserman, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bauserman, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Trinder, 2010Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Ongoing and cumulative effects of coercive control impact mothers and can result in risk of child neglect in young children.

“It is the ongoing and cumulative effects of coercive control behaviors that impact the mothers (Galátai, et al., 2019) and can result in the risk of child neglect in young children (Nicklas & Mackenzie, 2013).”

• cites Galátai, et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nicklas & Mackenzie, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Coercive control can instill fear without physical violence, continue after relationship ends, and include emotional, psychological, financial, sexual, and spiritual harms.

“Coercive control can instill fear without physical violence and continue after the relationship ends (Crossman et al., 2015), and can include emotional, psychological, financial, sexual abuse, and spiritual harms (Fotheringham et al., 2013).”

• cites Crossman et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Fotheringham et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Katz (2015) found that controlling behaviors, isolation, restricting activities and parenting time may impact children's social skills, confidence, and development.

“In the UK, Katz (2015) found that controlling behaviors, isolation from family/friends, restricting activities and parenting time may impact children's social skills, confidence, and development.”

• cites Katz (2015)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

With each additional risk factor (DV, MH, SA) that mothers experience, their young children display increasing behavioral challenges.

“Indeed, researchers suggest a cumulative effect, meaning with each additional risk factor (DV, MH, SA) that mothers experience, their young children display increasing behavioral challenges (Cafferky et al., 2018;Whitaker et al., 2006).”

• cites Cafferky et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Whitaker et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Female survivors of domestic violence have three to five times higher rates of developing depression and substance abuse challenges.

“The Canadian Women's Foundation (2011) reported that female survivors of domestic violence have three to five times higher rates of developing depression and substance abuse challenges, and in North America, links have been made between domestic violence (DV), mental health (MH) and substance abuse (SA) (Briere & Jordan, 2004;Dillon et al., 2013).”

• cites Canadian Women's Foundation (2011)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Across jurisdictions, the percentage of time with each parent in shared parenting ranges from 25% to 50%.

“The percentage of time with each parent ranges from 25% to 50% across jurisdictions (Bauserman, 2012).”

• cites Bauserman, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

HITS has been empirically validated and is the only known tool that measures predictive validity.

“HITS has been empirically validated and is the only known tool that measures predictive validity, which is important as a risk tool for potential future violence in the context of parenting plan arrangements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The BAI has good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.92) and is considered accurate for anxiety in adults over 17, and is recommended for survivors of domestic violence.

“The BAI is a 21-item multiple-choice self-report inventory with good reliability, Cronbach's α = 0.92, and is considered to be an accurate measure of anxiety in adults over the age of 17 (Beck et al., 1988); it is recommended for use with survivors of domestic violence (Satyanarayana & Chandra, 2010).”

• cites Beck et al., 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Satyanarayana & Chandra, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Children under 10 in high-conflict parenting situations were least satisfied with shared parenting, and children under four showed negative impacts such as higher irritability and distressed parent-child interactions.

“Children, under the age of 10 and in high-conflict parenting situations, were least satisfied with shared parenting arrangements while children under the age of four reflected negative impacts from shared parenting arrangements, such as higher irritability and distressed parent-child interactions (McIntosh & Chisholm, 2008;McIntosh et al., 2010;Trinder, 2010).”

• cites McIntosh & Chisholm, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites McIntosh et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Trinder, 2010Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A US report on exposure to domestic violence for children ages one and two noted an impact on behavior regulation.

“Additionally, a report from the USA on exposure to domestic violence for children ages one and two years noted an impact on the effect of behavior regulation (Easterbrooks et al., 2018).”

• cites Easterbrooks et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The HITS is a 4-item domestic violence screening tool that assesses both male and female victims and demonstrates good internal consistency and validity.

“To measure the extent and severity of domestic violence, we used the HITS (Hurt-Insult-Threaten-Scream), which is a 4-item domestic violence screening tool that assesses both male and female victims and demonstrates good internal consistency and validity (Sherin et al., 1998).”

• cites Sherin et al., 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Differentiated interventions are required for each type of risk factor.

“This is important because of the differentiated interventions that are required for each type of risk factor (Easterbrooks et al., 2018), and is the reason for our clear distinction during participant recruitment.”

• cites Easterbrooks et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Research on shared parenting has primarily synthesized studies on parental conflict and satisfaction, with a lack of outcome studies on effects of domestic violence on young children.

“Research on shared parenting has primarily been a synthesis of studies examining the level of parental conflict (high/low) on children's and parents' satisfaction with the parenting arrangements (Nielsen, 2013(Nielsen, , 2018) ) with a lack of outcome studies to understand the effects of domestic violence on young children (Jaffe, 2014).”

• cites Nielsen, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nielsen, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jaffe, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study received approval from university ethics review boards.

“We received approval from the university ethics review boards.”

May combine two claims.

Children's outcomes were measured indirectly through mothers' reports rather than direct observation, which may influence the results given previously reported differences in cross-informant consistency.

“Children's impact was measured indirectly by mothers rather than through direct observation and this may influence these results given the previously reported differences in cross-informant consistency (Romano, Weegar, Babchishin, & Saini, 2018).”

• cites Romano, Weegar, Babchishin, & Saini, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Bill C-78 was enacted in March 2021 and contains specific language including coercive control in the best interests of the child doctrine.

“This is particularly time-sensitive as Bill C-78 was enacted in March 2021 with specific language to include coercive control in the best interests of the child doctrine (Sowter, 2021).”

• cites Sowter, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The results are preliminary and require further exploration with a larger sample before definitive statements can be made or results generalised.

“Preliminary results require further exploration with a larger sample to make definitive statements and to generalize results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Not all participants answered every question, and because some survey questions allowed free-text entry some responses were uninterpretable, so some demographic responses do not sum to the total sample.

“Also, not all participants answered every question, and because some questions in the survey allowed for entry of free text, some responses were uninterpretable (e.g.,”

May combine two claims.

The sample was smaller than the authors would have liked, which limited their ability to complete a factor analysis.

“Our sample was smaller than we would have liked and limited our ability to complete a factor analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Although the HITS screening tool has good predictive validity, it is a screening tool, which limits its use.

“Finally, although the HITS screening tool has good predictive validity, it should be noted that it is a screening tool.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CoPAFS scale has been shown to have good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.98).

“The scale has been shown to have good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.98; Saini et al., 2019).”

• cites Saini et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The HITS was chosen because of its predictive validity for domestic violence.

“We chose the HITS because of the predictive validity of DV”

May combine two claims.

The results are based on a cross-sectional, non-random sample of women's experiences of domestic violence and shared parenting and may not be representative of all women in similar situations.

“The results are based on a cross-section and non-random sampling of women's experiences of domestic violence and shared parenting and these results may not be representative of all women in similar situations.”