CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 48Agricultural Science and FertilizationPlant Growth and Agriculture TechniquesCrop Yield and Soil Fertility

Fertility management for industrial hemp production: Current knowledge and future research needs

Open access
Wylie, Sarah E., Ristvey, Andrew G., Fiorellino, Nicole M.·2021·GCB Bioenergy
DOI 10.1111/gcbb.12779
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Until recently, commercial cultivation of industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) was illegal in the United States. Industrial hemp is cultivated for multiple purposes including fiber, seed, and biomass production; each requiring a different agronomic system which may require different nutrient and fertility recommendations. However, there is limited peer‐reviewed research available on hemp plant fertility requirements and soil‐nutrient removal. This essentially multiplies the research effort needed to generate scientifically sound fertigation recommendations. Some fertility research has been published from European and Canadian studies, but as cultivation of hemp increases in the U.S. researchers and extension personnel will be asked to generate recommendations for profitable hemp cultivation. This creates a need for new, updated, and relevant fertility research to form the basis of peer‐reviewed recommendations. This article reviews and summarizes the current state of peer‐reviewed industrial hemp fertility research and we pose ideas for future fertility studies necessary for the development of industrial hemp fertilizer recommendations.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/gcbb.12779

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 43

  1. Adamovics, A., Ivanovs, S., & Stramkale, V. (2016). Investigations about the impact of norms of the fertilisers and cultivars upon the crop capacity biomass of industrial hemp. Agronomy Research, 14(3), 641-649. https://doi.org/10.15159/ AR.17.002 · DOI
  2. Ahmad, R., Tehsin, Z., Malik, S. T., Asad, S. A., Shahzad, M., Bilal, M., Shah, M. M., & Khan, S. A. (2015). Phytoremediation potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Identification and characterization of heavy metals responsive genes. Clean -Soil, Air, Water, 44(2), 195-201. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.20150 0117 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Amaducci, S., Zatts, A., Pelatti, F., & Venturi, G. (2015). Influence of agronomic factors on yield and quality of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fibre and implication for an innovative production system. Field Crops Research, 107, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. fcr.2008.02.002 · DOI
  4. Angelove, V., Ivanova, R., Delibaltova, V., & Ivanov, K. (2003). Bio- accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in fibre crops (flax, cotton and hemp). Industrial Crops and Products, 19(3), 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcr op.2003.10.001 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Ascrizzi, R., Ceccarini, L., Tavarini, S., Flamini, G., & Angelini, L. (2019). Valorisation of hemp inflorescence after seed harvest: Cultivation site and harvest time influence agronomic char- acteristics and essential oil yield and composition. Industrial Crops and Products, 139, 111541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcr op.2019.111541 · DOI
  6. Aubin, M. P., Seguin, P., Vanasse, A., Tremblay, G., Mustafa, A., & Charron, J. (2016). Industrial hemp response to nitrogen, phos- phorus, and potassium fertilization. Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management, 1(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2134/cftm2 015.0159 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Black, C. A., & Vessel, A. J. (1945). The response of hemp to fertiliz- ers in Iowa. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 9, 178-184. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj 1945.03615 99500 09000 · DOI
  8. C0029x · DOI
  9. Campiglia, E., Radicetti, E., & Mancinelli, R. (2017). Plant density and nitrogen fertilization affect agronomic performance of in- dustrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Mediterranean environ- ment. Industrial Crops and Products, 100, 246-254. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.indcr op.2017.02.022 · DOI
  10. Caplan, D., Dixon, M., & Zheng, Y. (2017a). Optimal rate of organic fertilizer during the vegetative stage for cannabis grown in two coir-based substrates. HortScience, 52(9), 1307-1312. https://doi. org/10.21273/ HORTS CI119 03-17 · DOI
  11. Caplan, D., Dixon, M., & Zheng, Y. (2017b). Optimal rate of organic fertilizer during the flowering stage for cannabis grown in two coir-based substrates. HortScience, 52(12), 1796-1803. https:// doi.org/10.21273/ HORTS CI124 01-17 · DOI
  12. Cockson, P., Landis, H., Smith, T., Hicks, K., & Whipker, B. E. (2019). Characterization of nutrient disorders of Cannabis sativa. Applied Sciences, 9(20), 4432. https://doi.org/10.3390/app92 04432 · DOI
  13. Das, L., Liu, E., Saeed, A., Williams, D., Hu, H., Li, C., Ray, A. E., & Shi, J. (2017). Industrial hemp as a potential bioenergy crop in compar- ison with kenaf, switchgrass and biomass sorghum. Bioresource Technology: Part 1, 244, 641-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biort ech. 2017.08.008 · DOI
  14. Dempsey, J. M. (1975). Fiber crops. University of Florida Press.
  15. Ehrensing, D. T. (1998). Station Bulletin 681: Feasibility of industrial hemp production in the United States Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station. Retrieved from https://catal og.exten sion.orego nstate.edu/sb681
  16. Finnan, J., & Burke, B. (2013a). Potassium fertilization of hemp (Cannabis sativa). Industrial Crops and Products, 41, 419-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcr op.2012.04.055 · DOI
  17. Finnan, J., & Burke, B. (2013b). Nitrogen fertilization to optimize the greenhouse gas balance of hemp crops grown for biomass. GCB Bioenergy, 5, 701-712. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12045 · DOI
  18. Finnan, J., & Styles, D. (2013). Hemp: A more sustainable annual en- ergy crop for climate and energy policy. Energy Policy, 58, 152- 162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.046 · DOI
  19. Friederich, J. C. (1964). The experiences with the cultivation of hemp. Agricultural Extension, 21(4), 145-149.
  20. Hazekamp, A., & Grotenhermen, F. (2010). Review on clinical studies with cannabis and cannabinoids 2005-2009. Cannabinoids, 5(spe- cial issue), 1-21.
  21. Hessler, L. E. (1947). The effect of fertilizers on the chemical compo- sition and quality of dew-retted hemp fiber. Agronomy Journal, 39(9), 812-816. https://doi.org/10.2134/agron j1947.00021 96200 39000 · DOI
  22. 90008x · DOI
  23. Heuser, O. (1927). Hemp and hard fiber (p. 156). Julius Springer Verlag.
  24. Ivanyi, I., & Izsaki, Z. (2009). Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization on nutritional status of fiber hemp. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 40(1-6), 974-986. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103 62080 2693466 · DOI
  25. Jordan, H. V., Lang, A. L., & Enfield, G. H. (1946). Effects of fertilizers on yields and breaking strengths of American hemp, Cannabis sa- tiva. Agronomy Journal, 38(6), 551-562. https://doi.org/10.2134/ agron j1946.00021 96200 38000 · DOI
  26. 60010x · DOI
  27. Legros, S., Picault, S., & Cerruti, N. (2013). Factors affecting the yield of industrial hemp -Experimental results from France. In P. Bouloc (Ed.), Hemp: Industrial production and uses (pp. 72-97). CABI.
  28. Linger, P., Ostwald, A., & Haensler, J. (2005). Cannabis sativa L. grow- ing on heavy metal contaminated soil: Growth, cadmium uptake, and photosynthesis. Biologia Plantarum, 49(4), 567-576. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s1053 5-005-0051-4 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Lydon, J., Teramura, A. H., & Coffman, C. B. (1987). UV-B radiation ef- fects on photosynthesis, growth and cannabinoid production of two Cannabis sativa chemotypes. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 46, 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb047 57.x Malceva, M., Stramkale, V., & Vikmane, M. (2011). Physiological aspects of nitrogen fertilizer impact on Latvian origin Cannabis sativa L. Proceedings of the 8th International Scientific and Practical Conference, 11, 305-314. https://doi.org/10.17770/ ETR 20 11VOL2.986 · DOI
  30. Mihoc, M., Pop, G., Alexa, E., & Radulov, I. (2012). Nutritive quality of Romanian hemp varieties (Cannabis sativa L.) with special focus on oil and metal content of seeds. Chemistry Central Journal, 6(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-6-122 · DOI
  31. Papastylianou, P., Kakabouki, I., & Travlos, I. (2018). Effect of nitro- gen fertilization on growth and yield of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 46(1), 197-201. https://doi.org/10.15835/ nbha4 6110862 · DOI
  32. Prade, T., Svensson, S., Andersson, A., & Mattsson, J. (2011). Biomass and energy yield of industrial hemp grown for biogas and solid fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(7), 3040-3049. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.biomb ioe.2011.04.006 · DOI · Paper page
  33. Small, E. (2015). Evolution and classification of Cannabis sativa (mar- ijuana, hemp) in relation to human utilization. Botany, 81(3), 189- 294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1222 9-015-9157-3 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Tang, K., Struik, P., Yin, X., Calzolari, D., Musio, S., Thouminot, C., Bjelková, M., Stramkale, V., Magagnini, G., & Amaducci, S. (2017). A comprehensive study of planting density and nitrogen fertilization effect on dual-purpose hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cul- tivation. Industrial Crops and Products, 107, 427-438. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.indcr op.2017.06.033 · DOI
  35. Van der Werf, H. M. G. (1991). Agronomy and crop physiology of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). A literature review. CABO Report, 142, 1-16.
  36. Van der Werf, H. M. G., Mathijssen, E. W. J. M., & Haverkort, A. J. (1996). The potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for sustainable fibre production: A crop physiological appraisal. Annals of Applied Biology, 129, 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1996. tb057 36.x Van der Werf, H. M. G., Van Geel, W., Van Gils, L., & Haverkort, A. (1995). Nitrogen fertilization and row width affect self-thin- ning and productivity of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Field Crops Research, 42(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378- 4290(95)00017 -K Van der Werf, H. M. G., Wijlhuizen, M., & De Schutter, J. A. A. (1995). Plant density and self-thinning affect yield and quality of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Field Crops Research, 40, 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(94)00103 -j · DOI
  37. Vera, C. L., Malhi, S. S., Phelps, S. M., May, W. E., & Johnson, E. N. (2010). N, P, and S, fertilization effects on industrial hemp in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 90, 179-184. https://doi.org/10.4141/CJPS0 9101 · DOI
  38. Vera, C. L., Malhi, S. S., Raney, J. P., & Wang, Z. H. (2004). The effect of N and P fertilization on growth, seed yield, and quality of in- dustrial hemp in the Parkland region of Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 84, 939-947. https://doi.org/10.4141/ P04-022 · DOI
  39. Wang, Q., & Xiong, Y. L. (2019). Processing, nutrition, and function- ality of hempseed protein: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 18, 936-952. https://doi. org/10.1111/1541-4337.12450 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Westoby, M. (1984). The self-thinning rule. Advances in Ecological Research, 14, 167-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065 -2504(08) 60171 -3 · DOI
  41. Wilsie, C. P., Dyas, E. S., & Norman, A. G. (1942). Hemp a war crop for Iowa. Bulletin P, 2(49). Retrieved from http://lib.dr.iasta te.edu/ bulle tinp/vol2/iss49/ 1
  42. Wogiatzi, E., Gougoulias, N., Giannoulis, K. D., & Kamvoukou, C. (2019). Effects of irrigation and fertilization levels on mineral composition of Cannabis sativa L. leaves. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici, 47(4), 1073-1080. https://doi.org/10.15835/ nbha4 7411527 · DOI
  43. Yeager, T. H., Bilderback, T., Fare, D., Gilliam, C., Lea-Cox, J. D., Niemiera, A., Ruter, J., Tilt, K., Warren, S., Whitwell, T., & Wright, R. (2013). Best management practices guide: Guide for producing nursery crops (3rd ed.). Southern Nursery Association.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Wylie, S. E., Ristvey, A. G., & Fiorellino, N. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
  • University of Maryland Extension (US)
Corresponding author
Fiorellino, Nicole M.
ORCID
Fiorellino, Nicole M.
Venue
GCB Bioenergy
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2020-11-27
Volume
13
Issue
4
Pages
517-524
ISSN
  • 1757-1693 (ISSN-L)
  • 1757-1707
DOI
10.1111/gcbb.12779
OpenAlex
W3102621430
Cited by
48
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2
FWCI
2.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • GCB Bioenergy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Agricultural Science and Fertilization
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Crop Yield and Soil Fertility
Keywords
industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa, fertility management, nutrient requirements, fertigation, fertilizer recommendation, hemp fiber, hemp seeds, research needs

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review