Doping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions
Abstract
Doping in sport is a widespread problem not just among elite athletes, but even more so in recreational sports. In scientific literature, major emphasis is placed on doping detection, whereas detrimental effects of doping agents on athletes' health are seldom discussed. Androgenic anabolic steroids are well known for their positive effects on muscle mass and strength. Human growth hormone also increases muscle mass, although the majority of that is an increase in extracellular fluid and not the functional muscle mass. In recreational athletes, growth hormone does not have major effect on muscle strength, power or aerobic capacity, but stimulates anaerobic exercise capacity. Erythropoietin administration increases oxygen‐carrying capacity of blood improving endurance measures, whereas systemic administration of beta‐adrenergic agonists may have positive effect on sprint capacity, and beta‐adrenergic antagonists reduce muscle tremor. Thus, there are certain drugs that can improve selective aspects of physical performance. However, most of the doping agents exert serious side‐effects, especially when used in combination, at high doses and for a long duration. The extent of long‐term health consequences is difficult to predict, but likely to be substantial, especially when gene doping is considered. This review summarises the main groups of doping agents used by athletes, with the main focus on their effects on athletic performance and adverse effects.
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Potential side effects of testosterone and anabolic, androgenic steroids usage can be cardiovascular disease, liver damage, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia, and kidney damage.
“For example, potential side effects of testosterone and anabolic, androgenic steroids usage can be cardiovascular disease, liver damage, testicular atrophy, breast development in men (gynecomastia), and kidney damage [43, 205].”
From Effects of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Fat Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Animals: A Narrative Review with Systematic Literature Search (2025) · cites this paper as [205]
Side effects of β-adrenergic agonists are tachycardia, tremors, palpitations, nervousness, headaches, and hyperglycaemia.
“Side effects of β-adrenergic agonists are tachycardia, tremors, palpitations, nervousness, headaches, and hyperglycaemia [205].”
From Effects of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Fat Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Animals: A Narrative Review with Systematic Literature Search (2025) · cites this paper as [205]
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“For example, potential side effects of testosterone and anabolic, androgenic steroids usage can be cardiovascular disease, liver damage, testicular atrophy, breast development in men (gynecomastia), and kidney damage [43, 205].”
- Authors
- Birzniece, V.
- Affiliations
- Western Sydney University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Birzniece, V.
- ORCID
- Birzniece, V.
- Venue
- Internal Medicine Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 239-248
- ISSN
- 1444-0903 (ISSN-L)
- 1445-5994
- OpenAlex
- W1784803108
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 2.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Internal Medicine Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Pharmacological Effects and Assays
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- doping in sport, performance-enhancing drugs, anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, erythropoietin, beta-adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, gene doping, recreational athletes, athletic performance, adverse health effects, doping detection
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Body Composition, Cardiovascular Diseases, Doping in Sports, Humans, Human Growth Hormone, Anabolic Agents, Muscle Strength, Athletes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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