Sex steroids and the GH axis: implications for the management of hypopituitarism
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) regulates somatic growth, substrate metabolism and body composition. Sex hormones exert profound effect on the secretion and action of GH. Estrogens stimulate the secretion of GH, but inhibit the action of GH on the liver, an effect that occurs when administered orally. Estrogens suppress GH receptor signaling by stimulating the expression proteins that inhibit cytokine receptor signaling. This effect of estrogens is avoided when physiological doses of estrogens are administered via a non-oral route. Estrogen-like compounds, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators, possess dual properties of inhibiting the secretion as well as the action of GH. In contrast, androgens stimulate GH secretion, driving IGF-1 production. In the periphery, androgens enhance the action of GH. The differential effects of estrogens and androgens influence the dose of GH replacement in patients with hypopituitarism on concomitant treatment with sex steroids. Where possible, a non-oral route of estrogen replacement is recommended for optimizing cost-benefit of GH replacement in women with GH deficiency. Adequate androgen replacement in conjunction with GH replacement is required to achieve the full anabolic effect in men with hypopituitarism.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In both men and women, local oestrogens derived from aromatization of androgens stimulate GH secretion.
“In both men and women, local oestrogens derived from aromatization of androgens stimulates GH secretion (Birzniece and Ho, 2017).”
From The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis and its role in physiology and pathophysiology of other hypothalamus-pituitary functions (2021) · cites this paper as Birzniece and Ho, 2017
Cites
Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators — Mechanisms of Action and Application to Clinical Practice
Riggs, B. L., & Hartmann, L. C. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra022219 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
HO, K. Y., EVANS, W. S., BLIZZARD, R. M., VELDHUIS, J. D., MERRIAM, G. R., SAMOJLIK, E., FURLANETTO, R., ROGOL, A. D., KAISER, D. L., & THORNER, M. O. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-64-1-51 · Cited by 921 · see citing works
Self-citationGrowth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: a review
Carroll, P. V., Christ the members of Growth Hormon, E. R., Bengtsson, B. Å., Carlsson, L., Christiansen, J. S., Clemmons, D., Hintz, R., Ho, K., Laron, Z., Sizonenko, P., et al. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.2.4594 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroendocrine Control of Growth Hormone Secretion
Müller, E. E., Locatelli, V., & Cocchi, D. (1999) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.2.511 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
WEISSBERGER, A. J., HO, K. K. Y., & LAZARUS, L. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-72-2-374 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citationGötherström, G., Svensson, J., Koranyi, J., Alpsten, M., Bosaeus, I. G., Bengtsson, B. ‐., & Johannsson, G. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7887 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Veldhuis, J. D., Metzger, D. L., MARTHA, P. M., Mauras, N., Kerrigan, J. R., Keenan, B. S., Rogol, A. D., & Pincus, S. M. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.10.4317 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Leung, K. C., Doyle, N., Ballesteros, M., Sjogren, K., Watts, C. K. W., Low, T. H., Leong, G. M., Ross, R. J. M., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0337600100 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationDoessing, S., Heinemeier, K. M., Holm, L., Mackey, A. L., Schjerling, P., Rennie, M. J., Smith, K., Reitelseder, S., Kappelgaard, A., Rasmussen, M. H., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179325 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Keenan, B. S., Richards, G. E., Ponder, S. W., Dallas, J. S., Nagamani, M., & Smith, E. R. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.4.8473416 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Woodhouse, L. J., Mukherjee, A., Shalet, S. M., & Ezzat, S. (2006) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2004-0022 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Brill, K. T., WELTMAN, A. L., Gentili, A., Patrie, J. T., Fryburg, D. A., Hanks, J. B., Urban, R. J., & Veldhuis, J. D. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020098 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Weissberger, A. J., & Ho, K. K. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.6.8501143 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationNishizawa, H., Iguchi, G., Murawaki, A., Fukuoka, H., Hayashi, Y., Kaji, H., Yamamoto, M., Suda, K., Takahashi, M., Seo, Y., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-12-0252 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Skeletal Muscle Performance in Adults with Growth Hormone Deficiency
Cuneo, R. C., Salomon, F., Wiles, M., & Sönksen, P. H. (2008) · Hormone Research · doi:10.1159/000181585 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Gibney, J., Wolthers, T., Johannsson, G., Umpleby, A. M., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00483.2004 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationAttanasio, A. F., BATES, P. C., Ho, K. K. Y., Webb, S. M., Ross, R. J. M., Strasburger, C. J., Bouillon, R., Crowe, B. J., Selander, K., Valle, D., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.4.8429 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term growth hormone treatment in growth hormone deficient adults
Jørgensen, J. O. L., Pedersen, S. A., Thuesen, L., Jørgensen, J. R., Møller, J., Müller, J., Skakkebæk, N. E., & Christiansen, J. S. (1991) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.1250449 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Meinhardt, U., Nelson, A. E., Hansen, J. L., Birzniece, V., Clifford, D., Leung, K.-C., Graham, K., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00007 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationTamoxifen-induced fatty liver in patients with breast cancer
Ogawa, Y., Murata, Y., Nishioka, A., Inomata, T., & Yōshida, S. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78493-2 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Oral estrogen antagonizes the metabolic actions of growth hormone in growth hormone-deficient women
Wolthers, T., Hoffman, D. M., Nugent, A. G., Duncan, M. W., Umpleby, M., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.e1191 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationSimard, J., Hubert, J., Hosseinzadeh, T., & Labrie, F. (1986) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-119-5-2004 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Widdowson, W. M., & Gibney, J. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1239 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Johannsson, G., Gibney, J., Wolthers, T., Leung, K., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0553 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationDoping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions
Birzniece, V. (2015) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.12629 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationWidespread distribution of somatostatin receptor messenger ribonucleic acids in rat pituitary.
O’Carroll, A., & Krempels, K. (1995) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.136.11.7588261 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Rochira, V., Zirilli, L., Genazzani, A. D., Antonio, B., Aranda, C., Fabre, B. R., Paula, A., Diazzi, C., Carani, C., & MAFFEI, L. E. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02254 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Arnao, M. D., Jabbar, Fulcher, BESSER, G. M., & Ross (1999) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00737.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Kimura, N., Tomizawa, S., Arai, K. N., & Kimura, N. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.4.5952 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Djordjijević, D., Zhang, J., Priam, M., et al. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.5.5990 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mauras, N., Rini, A., Welch, S., Sager, B. K., & Murphy, S. P. (2003) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(03)00163-x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Both Estrogen Receptor α and β Stimulate Pituitary GH Gene Expression
Avtanski, D. B., Novaira, H. J., Wu, S., Romero, C. J., Kineman, R. D., Luque, R. M., Wondisford, F. E., & Radovick, S. (2013) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2013-1245 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
GROWTH HORMONE AND SEX STEROIDS
Mauras, N. (2001) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70200-0 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Christ, E., Cummings, M. H., Albany, E., Umpleby, A. M., Lumb, P. J., Wierzbicki, A. S., Naoumova, R. P., Boroujerdi, M. A., Sönksen, P. H., & Russell-Jones, D. L. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.1.5365 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Slootweg, M. C., Swolin‐Eide, D., Netelenbos, J. C., Isaksson, O., & Ohlsson, C. (1997) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1550159 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Androgens affect myogenesis in vitro and increase local igf-1 expression
SCULTHORPE, N., SOLOMON, A. M., SINANAN, A. C. M., BOULOUX, P.-M. G., GRACE, F., & LEWIS, M. P. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318237c5c0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Does the GH/IGF-1 axis contribute to skeletal sexual dimorphism? Evidence from mouse studies
Liu, Z., Mohan, S., & Yakar, S. (2015) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2015.12.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Estrogen replacement in women of fertile years with hypopituitarism
Mah, P. M., Webster, J., Jönsson, P., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Koltowska-Häggström, M., & Ross, R. J. M. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1207 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Widdowson, W. M., & Gibney, J. (2009) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03716.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Nelson, A. E., Meinhardt, U. J., Hansen, J. L., Walker, I. H., Stone, G., Howe, C. J., Leung, K., Seibel, M. J., Baxter, R. C., Handelsman, D. J., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0402 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, S., Xu, X., Björntorp, P. A., & Edén, S. (1995) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1470147 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Yan, M., Jones, M. E. E., Hernández, M. I., Liu, D., Simpson, E. R., & Chen, C. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0646 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tall Stature without Growth Hormone: Four Male Patients with Aromatase Deficiency
Rochira, V., Zirilli, L., MAFFEI, L. E., Premrou, V., Aranda, C., Baldi, M., Ghigo, E., Aimaretti, G., Carani, C., & Lanfranco, F. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1743 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Adams, J. M., Otero-Corchón, V., Hammond, G. L., Veldhuis, J. D., Qi, N., & Low, M. J. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-1429 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Isotton, A. L., Wender, M. C. O., Casagrande, A., Rollin, G., & Czepielewski, M. A. (2011) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-11-0560 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Estrogens Regulate the Hepatic Effects of Growth Hormone, a Hormonal Interplay with Multiple Fates
Fernández‐Pérez, L., Guerra, B., Díaz-Chico, J. C., & Flores‐Morales, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00066 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hayes, V. Y., Urban, R. J., Jiang, J., MARCELL, T. J., Helgeson, K., & Mauras, N. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.5.7517 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Regulation of Growth Hormone Action by Gonadal Steroids
Meinhardt, U. J., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2007) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.11.009 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationHassan, H. A., Enright, W. J., Tucker, H. A., & Merkel, R. A. (2001) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00168-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Birzniece, V., Meinhardt, U. J., Umpleby, A. M., Handelsman, D. J., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2521 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationVeldhuis, J. D., Mielke, K. L., Cosma, M., Soares-Welch, C. V., Paulo, R., Miles, J. M., & Bowers, C. Y. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2108 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gibney, J., Johannsson, G., Leung, K.-C., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0173 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationEstrogen Elevates the Peak Overnight Production Rate of Acylated Ghrelin
Paulo, R., Brundage, R. C., Cosma, M., Mielke, K. L., Bowers, C. Y., & Veldhuis, J. D. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0783 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Christ, E. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.84.1.307 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sartório, A., & Narici, M. V. (1994) · Clinical Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1994.tb00411.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kok, P., Paulo, R. C., Cosma, M., Mielke, K. L., Miles, J. M., Bowers, C. Y., & Veldhuis, J. D. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0522 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Phelan, N., Conway, S. H., Llahana, S., & Conway, G. S. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04277.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Birzniece, V., Sutanto, S., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3347 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationYu, Y. M., Domené, H. M., Sztein, J., Counts, D., & CASSORLA, F. G. (1996) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1350583 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hayes, V. Y. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.5.2211 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Veldhuis, J. D., & Bowers, C. Y. (2003) · Endocrine · doi:10.1385/endo:22:1:25 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Burt, M. G., Gibney, J., Hoffman, D., Umpleby, A. M., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2007) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.07.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationAromatase in human liver and its diseases
Hata, S., Miki, Y., Saito, R., Ishida, K., Watanabe, M., & Sasano, H. (2013) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.85 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cosma, M., Bailey, J. N., Miles, J. M., Bowers, C. Y., & Veldhuis, J. D. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1322 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Shimizu, T., Kamegai, J., Tamura, H., et al. (2005) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2005.02.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Veldhuis, J. D., Patrie, J. T., Brill, K. T., Weltman, J. Y., Mueller, E. E., Bowers, C. Y., & Weltman, A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0644 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zung, A., Phillip, M., Chalew, S. A., Palese, T., Kowarski, A., & Zadik, Z. (1999) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0230209 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Paracrine Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion by Estrogen in Women
Birzniece, V., Sata, A., Sutanto, S., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0476 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationBirzniece, V., Sata, A., Sutanto, S., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1477 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationTamoxifen as a therapeutic agent in acromegaly
Balili, I., & Barkan, A. L. (2013) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-013-0534-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yamamoto, T., Sakai, C., YAMAKI, J., et al. (1984) · Endocrinologia Japonica · doi:10.1507/endocrj1954.31.277 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bolamperti, S., Mrak, E., Moro, G., Sirtori, P., Fraschini, G., GUIDOBONO, F., Rubinacci, A., & Villa, I. (2013) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2013.03.016 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Impairment of Anaerobic Capacity in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency
Chikani, V., Cuneo, R. C., Hickman, I. J., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationÇağlar, A. S., Kapucu, A., Dar, K. A., Özkaya, H. M., Çağlar, E., İnce, H., & Kadıoğlu, P. (2015) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0537-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Komolov, I. S., Perez-Arce, J. A., & Vp, F. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Löfgren, L., Wallberg, B., Wilking, N. E., Fornander, T., Rutqvist, L. E., Carlström, K., von Schoultz, B., & Schoultz, E. V. (2004) · Medical Oncology · doi:10.1385/mo:21:4:309 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Saggese, G., Cesaretti, G., Franchi, G., & Startari, L. (1996) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1350211 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Birzniece, V., Meinhardt, U. J., Gibney, J., Johannsson, G., Baxter, R. C., Seibel, M. J., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2743 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of raloxifene and estrogen on bioactive IGF1 in GH-deficient women
Birzniece, V., Magnusson, N. E., Ho, K. K. Y., & Frystyk, J. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-13-0835 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationBirzniece, V., Umpleby, A. M., Poljak, A., Handelsman, D. J., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-13-0406 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBirzniece, V., Meinhardt, U. J., Gibney, J., Johannsson, G., Armstrong, N. J., Baxter, R. C., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2837 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPatching up a better pill for GH-deficient women
Birzniece, V., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationBirzniece, V., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2015) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-0426 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Effraimidis, G., & Klose, M. (2021) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111173 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Interactions between hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis and other pituitary dysfunctions
Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Klose, M., & Benvenga, S. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-018-1738-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Birzniece, V., & Ho, K. K. Y.
- Affiliations
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Birzniece, Vita
- Venue
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-69
- ISSN
- 1521-690X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2595738792
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- sex steroids, growth hormone, hypopituitarism, growth hormone deficiency, estrogen, androgens, selective estrogen receptor modulators, insulin-like growth factor I, growth hormone replacement therapy, androgen replacement
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Body Composition, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Hypopituitarism, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Male, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Human Growth Hormone, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review