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Cited by 401

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 136 of the 136 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

1. The Scientific Model of Causality

Heckman, James J.·2005·Sociological Methodology
DOI 10.1111/j.0081-1750.2006.00164.x
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Abstract

Causality is a very intuitive notion that is difficult to make precise without lapsing into tautology. Two ingredients are central to any definition: (1) a set of possible outcomes (counterfactuals) generated by a function of a set of ‘‘factors’ ’ or ‘‘determinants’ ’ and (2) a manipulation where one (or more) of the ‘‘factors’ ’ or ‘‘determinants’’ is changed. An effect is realized as a change in the argument of a stable function that produces the same change in the outcome for a class of interventions that change the ‘‘factors’ ’ by the same amount. The outcomes are compared at different levels of the factors or generating variables. Holding all factors save one at a constant level, the change in the outcome associated with manipulation of the varied factor is called a causal effect of the manipulated factor. This definition, or some version of it, goes back to Mill (1848) and Marshall (1890). Haavelmo’s (1943) made it more precise within the context of linear equations models. The phrase ‘ceteris paribus’ (everything else held constant) is a mainstay of economic analysis

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Citations

Cites

Show all 136 references

Research works printed but not linked: 24

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  5. Carneiro P., 2005, “Understanding What Instrumental Variables Estimate: Estimating Marginal and Average Returns to Education.”
  6. Cox D., 2005, Income Inequality, 57, 191
  7. Heckman J. J., 1990, American Economic Review, 80, 313
  8. Heckman J. J., 2006, Evaluating Economic Policy.
  9. Heckman J. J., 2006, Journal of Econometrics.
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  13. Holland P. W., 1988, Sociological Methodology, 18, 449
  14. Marshall A., 1890, Principles of Economics.
  15. Matzkin R., 2004, “Unobserved Instruments.”
  16. Matzkin R., 2006, Handbook of Econometrics, 6
  17. Moulin H., 1983, The Strategy of Social Choice.
  18. Neyman J., 1923, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 107
  19. Pearl J., 2000, Causality.
  20. Robins J. M., 1989, Health Services Research Methodology: A Focus on AIDS, 113
  21. Sims C. A., 1977, New Methods in Business Cycle Research., 23
  22. Thurstone L., 1930, The Fundamentals of Statistics.
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  24. 10.2307/1884349 · doi:10.2307/1884349

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Metadata

Authors
Heckman, J. J.
Venue
Sociological Methodology
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2005-08
Volume
35
Issue
1
Pages
1-97
ISSN
  • 0081-1750 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-9531
DOI
10.1111/j.0081-1750.2006.00164.x
OpenAlex
W2087875390
Cited by
401
References
136
FWCI
15.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: 1. The Scientific Model of Causality. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.0081-1750.2006.00164.x
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Heckman, J. J. (2005). 1. The Scientific Model of Causality. Sociological Methodology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0081-1750.2006.00164.x

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