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Cited by 706

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 168 of the 168 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Hormonal and immunological mechanisms mediating sex differences in parasite infection

Klein, S. L.·2004·Parasite Immunology
DOI 10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00710.x
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Abstract

SUMMARY: The prevalence and intensity of infections caused by protozoa, nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, and arthropods is higher in males than females. The primary thesis of this review is that immunological differences exist between the sexes that may underlie increased parasitism in males compared to females. Several field and laboratory studies link sex differences in immune function with circulating steroid hormones; thus, the roles of sex steroids, including testosterone, oestradiol, and progesterone, as well as glucocorticoids will be discussed. Not only can host hormones affect responses to infection, but parasites can both produce and alter hormone concentrations in their hosts. The extent to which changes in endocrine–immune interactions following infection are mediated by the host or the parasite will be considered. Although males are more susceptible than females to many parasites, there are parasites for which males are more resistant than females and endocrine–immune interactions may underlie this sex reversal. Finally, although immunological differences exist between the sexes, genetic and behavioural differences may explain some variability in response to infection and will be explored as alternative hypotheses for how differences between the sexes contribute to dimorphic responses to parasites.

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Metadata

Authors
Klein, S. L.
Venue
Parasite Immunology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2004-06
Volume
26
Issue
6-7
Pages
247-264
ISSN
  • 0141-9838 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-3024
DOI
10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00710.x
OpenAlex
W1970140452
Cited by
706
References
168
FWCI
14.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Hormonal and immunological mechanisms mediating sex differences in parasite infection. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00710.x
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Klein, S. L. (2004). Hormonal and immunological mechanisms mediating sex differences in parasite infection. Parasite Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00710.x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.