Sex and Gender Differences in the Outcomes of Vaccination over the Life Course
Open accessAbstract
Both sex (i.e., biological differences) and gender (i.e., social or cultural influences) impact vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Clinical data illustrate that among children, young adults, and aged individuals, males and females differ in vaccine-induced immune responses, adverse events, and protection. Although males are more likely to receive vaccines, following vaccination, females typically develop higher antibody responses and report more adverse effects of vaccination than do males. Human, nonhuman animal, and in vitro studies reveal numerous immunological, genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that differ between males and females and contribute to sex- and gender-specific vaccine responses and outcomes. Herein, we address the impact of sex and gender variables that should be considered in preclinical and clinical studies of vaccines.
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In adults, women have shown to mount higher immune responses than men and are more likely to report adverse reactions.
“In adults, women have shown to mount higher immune responses than men and are more likely to report adverse reactions36.”
From An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Flanagan, K. L., Fink, A. L., Plebanski, M., & Klein, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2017-10-06
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 577-599
- ISSN
- 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8995
- OpenAlex
- W2609522512
- Cited by
- 508
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- sex differences, gender differences, vaccine response, vaccine adverse events, antibody response, vaccine acceptance, life course, sex hormones, vaccine immunogenicity, vaccine safety
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Vaccination, Vaccines, Epigenesis, Genetic
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