The gambling related cognitions scale (GRCS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties
Abstract
Aims The aims of this study are to develop and validate a measure to screen for a range of gambling-related cognitions (GRC) in gamblers. Design and participants A total of 968 volunteers were recruited from a community-based population. They were divided randomly into two groups. Principal axis factoring with varimax rotation was performed on group one and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used on group two to confirm the best-fitted solution. Measurements The Gambling Related Cognition Scale (GRCS) was developed for this study and the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Motivation Towards Gambling Scale (MTGS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) were used for validation. Findings Exploratory factor analysis performed using half the sample indicated five factors, which included interpretative control/bias (GRCS-IB), illusion of control (GRCS-IC), predictive control (GRCS-PC), gambling-related expectancies (GRCS-GE) and a perceived inability to stop gambling (GRCS-IS). These accounted for 70% of the total variance. Using the other half of the sample, CFA confirmed that the five-factor solution fitted the data most effectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the factors ranged from 0.77 to 0.91, and 0.93 for the overall scale. Conclusions This paper demonstrated that the 23-item GRCS has good psychometric properties and thus is a useful instrument for identifying GRC among non-clinical gamblers. It provides the first step towards devising/adapting simi…
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The GRCS-S shows adequate psychometric properties in treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking gamblers: concurrent and criterion-related validity are verified, full-scale reliability is 0.95, and subscale reliability ranges from 0.68 to 0.91.
“The GRCS-S shows adequate psychometric properties in a sample composed of treatment-seeking gamblers and non-treatment-seeking gamblers: concurrent and criterion-related validity are verified, the full-scale reliability is 0.95, and reliability for the subscales ranges from 0.68 to 0.91”
From Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Raylu and Oei, 2004
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- Authors
- Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Oei, Tian P. S.
- ORCID
- Oei, Tian P. S.
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-04-23
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 757-769
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W2019750644
- Cited by
- 504
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 7.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- gambling-related cognitions, gambling, scale development, psychometric validation, illusion of control, predictive control
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Gambling, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Behavior, Addictive, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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