Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry
Open accessAbstract
"Near-miss" events, where unsuccessful outcomes are proximal to the jackpot, increase gambling propensity and may be associated with the addictiveness of gambling, but little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie their potency. Using a simplified slot machine task, we measured behavioral and neural responses to gambling outcomes. Compared to "full-misses," near-misses were experienced as less pleasant, but increased desire to play. This effect was restricted to trials where the subject had personal control over arranging their gamble. Near-miss outcomes recruited striatal and insula circuitry that also responded to monetary wins; in addition, near-miss-related activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex varied as a function of personal control. Insula activity to near-misses correlated with self-report ratings as well as a questionnaire measure of gambling propensity. These data indicate that near-misses invigorate gambling through the anomalous recruitment of reward circuitry, despite the objective lack of monetary reinforcement on these trials.
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Near misses have a rewarding/motivating nature in gambling, where they increase the desire to play.
“The rewarding/motivating nature of “near misses” has been reported for gambling where they increase the desire to play (Clark et al., 2009; Daw et al., 2006; Kakade and Dayan, 2002).”
From Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models (2011) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 2009
Participants reported that near-misses were significantly less pleasant than full misses, but triggered their urge to play more.
“Participants in this study reported that near-misses were significantly less pleasant than full misses, but triggered their urge to play more (L. Clark, Lawrence, Astley-Jones, & Gray, 2009)”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as L. Clark, Lawrence, Astley-Jones, & Gray, 2009
Near-misses in a slot machine gambling task recruited areas of the brain that respond to wins.
“Additionally, a study by Clark and colleagues found that near-misses (or almost winning) in a slot machine gambling task, recruited areas of the brain that respond to wins.”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as L. Clark, Lawrence, Astley-Jones, & Gray, 2009
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Damage to insula abolishes cognitive distortions during simulated gambling
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Pathological choice: the neuroscience of gambling and gambling addiction
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Self-citationHigher volume of ventral striatum and right prefrontal cortex in pathological gambling
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The neural signature of escalating frustration in humans
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NEUROBEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE FOR THE “NEAR‐MISS” EFFECT IN PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLERS
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Disordered gambling: a behavioral addiction
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Physiological Responses to Near-Miss Outcomes and Personal Control During Simulated Gambling
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A Reward-Based Framework of Perceived Control
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What motivates gambling behavior? Insight into dopamine's role
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An extended challenge-based framework for practice design in sports coaching
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Neurobiological considerations in understanding behavioral treatments for pathological gambling.
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The hidden side of intentional action: the role of the anterior insular cortex
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Gambling advertising: A critical research review
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Electrophysiological correlates of anticipating improbable but desired events
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Billieux, J., der Linden, M. V., Khazaal, Y., ZULLINO, D. F., & Clark, L. (2011) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02083.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
An fMRI study of risk‐taking following wins and losses: Implications for the gambler's fallacy
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Conceptual Framework of Harmful Gambling, Third Edition
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Pathological Gambling: Neuropsychopharmacology and Treatment
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“Wanting,” “liking,” and their relation to consciousness.
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Place your bets: psychophysiological correlates of decision-making under risk
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Learning and Affect Following Near‐Miss Outcomes in Simulated Gambling
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Perceived Control Influences Neural Responses to Setbacks and Promotes Persistence
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Dopaminergic signaling of uncertainty and the aetiology of gambling addiction
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Judgment Error in Lottery Play: When the Hot Hand Meets the Gambler’s Fallacy
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Translational Models of Gambling-Related Decision-Making
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Attenuated neural response to gamble outcomes in drug-naive patients with Parkinson’s disease
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Encoding of reward expectation by monkey anterior insular neurons
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- Authors
- Clark, L., Lawrence, A. J., Astley-Jones, F., & Gray, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Clark, Luke
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 481-490
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2658737
- OpenAlex
- W1992824053
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 27.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/D000599/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, personal control, reward systems, striatum, insula, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, gambling motivation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Emotions, Female, Gambling, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motivation, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Young Adult
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