Socio-demographic risk factors for alcohol and drug dependence: the 10-year follow-up of the national comorbidity survey
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AIMS: Continued progress in etiological research and prevention science requires more precise information concerning the specific stages at which socio-demographic variables are implicated most strongly in transition from initial substance use to dependence. The present study examines prospective associations between socio-demographic variables and the subsequent onset of alcohol and drug dependence using data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) and the NCS Follow-up survey (NCS-2). DESIGN: The NCS was a nationally representative survey of the prevalence and correlates of DSM-III-R mental and substance disorders in the United States carried out in 1990-2002. The NCS-2 re-interviewed a probability subsample of NCS respondents a decade after the baseline survey. Baseline NCS socio-demographic characteristics and substance use history were examined as predictors of the first onset of DSM-IV alcohol and drug dependence in the NCS-2. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5001 NCS respondents were re-interviewed in the NCS-2 (87.6% of baseline sample). FINDINGS: Aggregate analyses demonstrated significant associations between some baseline socio-demographic variables (young age, low education, non-white ethnicity, occupational status) but not others (sex, number of children, residential area) and the subsequent onset of DSM-IV alcohol or drug dependence. However, conditional models showed that these risk factors were limited to specific stages of baseline use. Moreover, many socio-demographic variables that were not significant in the aggregate analyses were significant predictors of dependence when examined by stage of use. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the potential for socio-demographic risk factors to have highly specific associations with different stages of the substance use trajectory.
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The influence of cultural factors is highly nuanced, even impacting substance use trajectories by geographic location within a national origin group.
“In reality, the influence of cultural factors is highly nuanced, even impacting substance use trajectories by geographic location within a national origin group (Swendsen et al., 2009).”
From Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data (2018) · cites this paper as Swendsen et al., 2009
The Introduction (page unavailable) says associations involving ethnicity can differ by stage of substance use, and the Results (page unavailable) report an interaction between geographic area and stage of baseline drug use. The paper does not establish that geographic location changes trajectories within a national-origin group, or that cultural factors cause the geographic differences. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Swendsen, J., Conway, K. P., Degenhardt, L., Dierker, L., Glantz, M., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., Sampson, N., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (AU)
- Wesleyan University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Swendsen, Joel
- ORCID
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-07-13
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1346-1355
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- PMC
- PMC2794245
- OpenAlex
- W2137453755
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- John W. Alden Trust
- World Health Organization
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Johnson and Johnson
- Pan American Health Organization
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, ZIAMH002806, R01‐MH070884, R01MH046376, R01MH077883, Z01MH002806, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016558, R01DA012058)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW006481)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- alcoholism, drug addiction, sociodemographic risk factors, substance use onset, National Comorbidity Survey, DSM-IV, low educational attainment, young age, occupational status
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, United States, Comorbidity, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcohol-Related Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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