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On the Relative Importance of the Driving Forces of Plate Motion
Open accessAbstract
A number of possible mechanisms have recently been proposed for driving the motions of the lithospheric plates, such as pushing from mid-ocean ridges, pulling by downgoing slabs, suction toward trenches, and coupling of the plates to flow in the mantle. We advance a new observational method of testing these theories of the driving mechanism. Our basic approach is to solve the inverse problem of determining the relative strength of the plausible driving forces, given the observed motions and geometries of the lithospheric plates. Since the inertia of the plates is negligible, each plate must be in dynamic equilibrium, so that the sum of the torques acting on a plate must be zero. Thus, our problem is to determine the relative sizes of the forces that minimize the components of net torque on each plate. The results indicate that the forces acting on the downgoing slab control the velocity of the oceanic plates and are an order of magnitude stronger than any other force. Namely, all the oceanic plates attached to substantial amounts of downgoing slabs move with a ‘terminal velocity’ at which the gravitational body force pulling the slabs downward is nearly balanced with the resistance acting on the slab; regardless of the other features of the trailing horizontal part of the plates. The drag on the bottom of the plates which resist motion is stronger under the continents than under the oceans.
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“with the gravitational pull of subducting slabs now understood to be the dominant driving force for surface plate motion”
From Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth (2020) · cites this paper as Forsyth and Uyeda, 1975
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“Furthermore, slab buoyancy, the dominant contributor to slab pull, is estimated to be the greater torque by an order of magnitude, and thus is widely expected to dominate in driving plate motion (Forsyth & Uyeda 1975).”
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Becker, T. W. (2017) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1002/2017gc006886 · Cited by 60
“…relative weakness of the asthenosphere under the oceanic plates [Ricard et al., 1991; Zhong, 2001; Becker, 2006], predominantly one-sided slab pull [Forsyth and Uyeda, 1975; Conrad and Lithgow-Bertelloni, 2002], or, quite likely, a combination of the two [van Summeren et al., 2012; Alisic et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodSubduction induced mantle flow: Length-scales and orientation of the toroidal cell
Király, Á., Capitanio, F. A., Funiciello, F., & Faccenna, C. (2017) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.09.017 · Cited by 60
Time dependence of negative buoyancy and the subduction of continental lithosphere
Ranalli, G., Pellegrini, R., & D’Offizi, S. (2000) · Journal of Geodynamics · doi:10.1016/s0264-3707(00)00011-9 · Cited by 60
Plate-moving mechanisms: their relative importance
Ziegler, P. A. (1993) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/gsjgs.150.5.0927 · Cited by 60
An earthquake swarm on the Chagos?Laccadive Ridge and its tectonic implications
Stein, S. A. (1978) · Geophysical Journal International · doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1978.tb05928.x · Cited by 60
Mechanical models for absolute plate motions in the Early Tertiary
Solomon, S. C., Sleep, N. H., & Jurdy, D. M. (1977) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb082i002p00203 · Cited by 60
Moving lithospheric plates and mantle convection
Lux, R. A., Davies, G. F., & Thomas, J. H. (1979) · Geophysical Journal International · doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1979.tb01019.x · Cited by 60
Foster, K. A., Dueker, K. G., Schmandt, B., & Yuan, H. (2013) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.018 · Cited by 59
“The magnitude of stress coupling between mantle convection and the base of the plates is a first-order issue in assessing the force balances on plates, and hence the motion of the plate mosaic (Forsyth and Uyeda, 1975; Ghosh et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSchellart, W. P., & Rawlinson, N. J. F. (2009) · Tectonophysics · doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.08.030 · Cited by 61
“Nevertheless, empirical data indicate that most plates that are attached for a large part of their circumference to subducted slabs have a relatively high velocity (Forsyth and Uyeda, 1975; Gripp and Gordon, 2002), underlining the importance of slab pull in driving tectonic plates.”
BackgroundInfluentialRainbird, R. H., Davis, W. J., Stern, R. A., Peterson, T. D., Smith, S. R., Parrish, R. R., & Hadlari, T. (2005) · The Journal of Geology · doi:10.1086/498097 · Cited by 58
Kendall, J. M., & Lithgow‐Bertelloni, C. (2016) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp420.17 · Cited by 58
The geometry of Aleutian subduction: Three‐dimensional kinematic flow model
Creager, K. C., & Boyd, T. M. (1991) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/90jb01918 · Cited by 58
On the origin of compressional intraplate stresses in South America
Mendiguren, J. A., & Richter, F. M. (1978) · Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors · doi:10.1016/0031-9201(78)90070-5 · Cited by 57
Russo, R. M., & Okal, E. A. (1998) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/98jb01075 · Cited by 58
The initiation of rifting at constant tectonic force: Role of diffusion creep
Hopper, J. R., & Buck, W. R. (1993) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/93jb01725 · Cited by 57
Metadata
- Authors
- Forsyth, D., & Uyeda, S.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (US)
- ORCID
- Forsyth, D.
- Venue
- Geophysical Journal International
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1975-10-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 163-200
- ISSN
- 0956-540X (ISSN-L)
- 1365-246X
- OpenAlex
- W2011893217
- Cited by
- 1,673
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 23.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Geophysical Journal International (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Office of Naval Research (N00014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › earthquake and tectonic studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geology › Geological and Geophysical Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › High-pressure geophysics and materials
- Keywords
- plate motion, plate driving forces, slab pull, inverse problems, plate tectonics
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