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On the Relative Importance of the Driving Forces of Plate Motion
Open accessAbstract
A number of possible mechanisms have recently been proposed for driving the motions of the lithospheric plates, such as pushing from mid-ocean ridges, pulling by downgoing slabs, suction toward trenches, and coupling of the plates to flow in the mantle. We advance a new observational method of testing these theories of the driving mechanism. Our basic approach is to solve the inverse problem of determining the relative strength of the plausible driving forces, given the observed motions and geometries of the lithospheric plates. Since the inertia of the plates is negligible, each plate must be in dynamic equilibrium, so that the sum of the torques acting on a plate must be zero. Thus, our problem is to determine the relative sizes of the forces that minimize the components of net torque on each plate. The results indicate that the forces acting on the downgoing slab control the velocity of the oceanic plates and are an order of magnitude stronger than any other force. Namely, all the oceanic plates attached to substantial amounts of downgoing slabs move with a ‘terminal velocity’ at which the gravitational body force pulling the slabs downward is nearly balanced with the resistance acting on the slab; regardless of the other features of the trailing horizontal part of the plates. The drag on the bottom of the plates which resist motion is stronger under the continents than under the oceans.
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“with the gravitational pull of subducting slabs now understood to be the dominant driving force for surface plate motion”
From Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth (2020) · cites this paper as Forsyth and Uyeda, 1975
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India–Eurasia convergence speed-up by passive-margin sediment subduction
Zhou, H., Hu, J., Zilio, L. D., Tang, M. H., Li, K., & Hu, X. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08069-6 · Cited by 27
Plate convergence in the Indo-Pacific region
Sun, W., Zhang, L., Liao, R., Sun, S., Li, C., & Liu, H. (2020) · Journal of Oceanology and Limnology · doi:10.1007/s00343-020-0146-y · Cited by 27
Lü, G., Zhao, L., Chen, L., Wan, B., & Wu, F. (2021) · Earth and Planetary Physics · doi:10.26464/epp2021014 · Cited by 29
“Since the advent of plate tectonics, however, the relationship has been reversed; it has become widely accepted that tectonic plates drive mantle convection (Forsyth and Uyeda, 1975; Chapple and Tullis, 1977; Hager and O’Connell, 1981; Anderson, 2002; Stern, 2004; Billen, 2008; van Hunen and Moyen, 2012; Turcotte and…”
BackgroundInfluentialGlobal Warming and Global Cooling - Evolution of Climate on Earth
Sorokhtin, O. G., Chilingar, G. V., & Khilyuk, L. F. (2007) · Developments in earth and environmental sciences · doi:10.1016/s1571-9197(06)x0500-1 · Cited by 27
Kim, Y.-M., Lee, S.-M., & Okino, K. (2009) · Tectonophysics · doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.05.004 · Cited by 28
“Sinking of oceanic lithosphere not only recycles near-surface materials, but is also the primary force driving plate motion (Forsyth and Uyeda, 1975; Conrad and Lithgow-Bertelloni, 2002).”
BackgroundStress field in the Ryukyu–Kyushu Wadati–Benioff zone by inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms
Christova, C. V. (2004) · Tectonophysics · doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2004.03.010 · Cited by 27
Tectonic Models for the Evolution of Sedimentary Basins
Cloetingh, S. A. P. L., & Ziegler, P. A. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044452748-6.00109-7 · Cited by 54
Forces associated with mantle plumes
Westaway, R. (1993) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/0012-821x(93)90142-v · Cited by 27
Acceleration of continental rifting due to a thermomechanical instability
Takeshita, T., & Yamaji, A. (1990) · Tectonophysics · doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90024-3 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Forsyth, D., & Uyeda, S.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (US)
- ORCID
- Forsyth, D.
- Venue
- Geophysical Journal International
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1975-10-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 163-200
- ISSN
- 0956-540X (ISSN-L)
- 1365-246X
- OpenAlex
- W2011893217
- Cited by
- 1,673
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 23.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Geophysical Journal International (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Office of Naval Research (N00014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › earthquake and tectonic studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geology › Geological and Geophysical Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › High-pressure geophysics and materials
- Keywords
- plate motion, plate driving forces, slab pull, inverse problems, plate tectonics
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