Cited by 186Optimism, Hope, and Well-beingFamily and Disability Support ResearchDown syndrome and intellectual disability research

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Hope as a psychological resilience factor in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disabilities

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Lloyd, T. J., Hastings, R.·2009·Journal of Intellectual Disability Research

DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01206.x

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Abstract

Background Positive psychology is an area gaining credence within the field of intellectual disability (ID). Hope is one facet of positive psychology that is relatively unstudied in parents of children with ID. In the present study, we explore hope and its relationships with parental well‐being in parents of school‐aged children with ID. Method A total of 138 mothers and 58 fathers of children with ID took part in a questionnaire‐based study. Parents reported on their feelings of hope and positive affect, other dimensions of psychological well‐being (anxiety, depression and stress), and on their child's behaviour. For this study, hope was measured as a goal driven behaviour comprising two components: agency (the perception that one can reach his/her goals) and pathways (the perception that one can find alternative routes to reach these goals should the need arise). Results For mothers, regression analyses revealed that lower levels of hope (agency and pathways) and more child behaviour problems predicted maternal depression. Positive affect was predicted by less problematic child behaviour and by higher levels of hope agency. For fathers, anxiety and depression were predicted by low hope agency and positive affect was predicted by high hope agency. Hope pathways was not a significant predictor of paternal well‐being. Hope agency and pathways interacted in the prediction of maternal depression such that mothers reporting high levels of both hope dimensions reported the lowest levels of depressive symptoms. Conclusions Hope is a construct that merits further investigation within families research, and is potentially a factor that could be utilised in intervention to help increase familial well‐being.

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Prevedini, A., Hirvikoski, T., Holmberg Bergman, T., Berg, B., Miselli, G., Pergolizzi, F., & Moderato, P. (2020) · European Journal of Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1080/15021149.2020.1729023 · Cited by 20
“Parental EA predicts psychological maladjustment in mothers of children who have intellectual disabilities (Lloyd & Hastings, 2009), mothers of children with cerebral palsy (Whittingham, Wee, Sanders, & Boyd, 2013) and mothers of infants born preterm (Evans, Whittingham, & Boyd, 2012; Greco et al.,…”
Background
U.S. college students’ lay beliefs about hope: A mixed-methods study
Li, P. F. J., Wong, Y. J., McDermott, R. C., Cheng, H., & Ruser, J. B. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1689420 · Cited by 22
“Finally, lay beliefs about hope might be linked to resilience, as the literature suggests that hope may contribute to resilience (Lloyd & Hastings, 2009; Ong, Edwards, & Bergeman, 2006).”
Background
Maternal Stress and the Functions of Positivity in Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability
Jess, M., Totsika, V., & Hastings, R. P. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1186-1 · Cited by 22
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Parental attitudes and personality traits, self-efficacy, stress, and coping strategies among mothers of children with cerebral palsy
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“We are left to fend for ourselves”: understanding why teachers struggle to support students’ mental health
Dabrowski, A., Hsien, M., Zant, T. V. D., & Ahmed, S. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1505077 · Cited by 31
Entitlement, Hope, and Life Satisfaction Among Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities
George‐Levi, S., & Laslo‐Roth, R. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04832-6 · Cited by 19
Achenbach, T.M., & Edelbrock, C.S, (1981). Behavioural Problems and Competencies Reported by Parents of Normal and Disturbed Children aged 4 through 16. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46 - 188.
Mairet, P. (2012) · Cited by 19
Evaluation on Hope and Psychological Symptoms in Infertile Couples Undergoing Assisted Reproduction Treatment.
Samani, R. O., Vesali, S., Navid, B., Vakiliniya, B., & Mohammadi, M. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22074/ijfs.2017.4838 · Cited by 19
The construct of maternal positivity in mothers of children with intellectual disability
Jess, M., Hastings, R. P., & Totsika, V. (2017) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12402 · Cited by 26
Self-citation
Resilience and mental health literacy mediate the effect of caregiver burden on internalized stigma among mothers of children with disabilities
Sakız, H., & Kaçan, H. (2023) · Children's health care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2023.2290264 · Cited by 16
“Psychological resilience encompasses the ability to effectively cope with stress, rebound from challenges, and maintain a positive outlook (Lloyd & Hastings, 2009).”
The hope theory and specific learning disorders and/or attention deficit disorders (SLD/ADHD): Developmental perspectives
Einav, M., & Margalit, M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101471 · Cited by 18
Longitudinal Correlates of Maternal Depression Among Mothers of Children With or Without Intellectual Disability
Zeedyk, S. M., & Blacher, J. (2017) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-122.5.374 · Cited by 19
“…negative relationship between dispositional optimism and maternal psychological wellbeing in cross sectional studies (Ekas, Lickenbrock, & Whitman, 2010; Greenberg, Seltzer, Krauss, Chou, & Hong, 2004; Lloyd & Hastings, 2009) warrant further study of this relationship across the developmental span.”
Background
A latent profile analysis of dispositional hope and defense styles
Holloway, K., Bhullar, N., & Schutte, N. S. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.063 · Cited by 16
Critical features of short break and community support services to families and disabled young people whose behaviour is severely challenging
McConkey, R., Gent, C., & Scowcroft, E. (2011) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629511433257 · Cited by 15
“Parents also gain personally from improvements in their children and the hope that this offers (Lloyd and Hastings, 2009).”
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Marital Satisfaction and Happiness in Parents With Autistic and Normal Children
Hoseinnejad, H., Choopanian, F., Moghanlo, O. S., Rostami, M., & Dadkhah, A. (2020) · Iranian Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.32598/irj.18.1.655.1 · Cited by 13
Having another child without intellectual disabilities: Comparing mothers of a single child with disability and mothers of multiple children with and without disability
Kimura, M., & Yamazaki, Y. (2017) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629517749129 · Cited by 13
“As noted above, hope is related to the psychological well-being of parents of children with intellectual disabilities (Lloyd and Hastings, 2009), while having children without disabilities can be regarded as a symbol of “hope” for mothers of children with intellectual disabilities (Kimura et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu ve Zihinsel Yetersizliği Olan Bireylerin Ebeveynlerinin Yaşam Doyumu ve Aile Yılmazlık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
Yavuz, M., & Gümüşkaya, Ö. (2021) · Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.726030 · Cited by 13
Care demands on mothers caring for a child with D own syndrome: M alaysian ( S arawak) mothers' perspectives
Chan, K. G., Abdullah, K. L., & Ling, H. K. (2014) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12275 · Cited by 13
Do beliefs influence posttraumatic growth in fathers of children with intellectual disabilities?
Byra, S., & Ćwirynkało, K. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103687 · Cited by 12
Changes in maternal feelings for children with autism spectrum disorder after childbirth: The impact of knowledge about the disorder
Tomiyama, S., Kikuchi, M., Yoshimura, Y., Hasegawa, C., Ikeda, T., Saito, D. N., Kumazaki, H., Naito, N., & Minabe, Y. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201862 · Cited by 20
The Relationship Between Challenging Behaviour, Cognitions and Stress in Mothers of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
Rose, J., Nelson, L., & Hardiman, R. L. (2016) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465816000242 · Cited by 12
The effects of optimism, religion, and hope on mood and anxiety disorders in women with the FMR1 premutation
Lowell, E. P., Tonnsen, B. L., Bailey, D. B., & Roberts, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12409 · Cited by 12
“God gave you a special child because you are special”: difficulties, coping strategies, and parental burnout of Jewish mothers – a qualitative study
Findling, Y., Barnoy, S., & Itzhaki, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1259670 · Cited by 10
“…negative emotions, some studies have described various interventions, such as spirituality and mindfulness, which can reduce stress and enhance resilience and which may arouse positive emotions (e.g., hope) as part of an emotional coping mechanism (Lloyd and Hastings, 2009; Cachia et al., 2016).”
Background
Resilience in children and young people with intellectual disabilities: a review of literature
Raghavan, R., & Griffin, E. (2017) · Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1108/amhid-01-2017-0002 · Cited by 10
Hope and parenting
Cole, B. P., & Molloy, S. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101554 · Cited by 9
Fathers’ involvement in raising children with intellectual disabilities: Mothers’ ratings of the contribution of their spouses
Mohamed, A. H. H., Opoku, M. P., Safi, M. F., Belbase, S., Mughairbi, F. A., Xie, Q., Shatheli, M. A., & Almarzooq, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294077 · Cited by 9
Methods for assessing change in brain plasticity at night and psychological resilience during daytime between repeated long-duration space missions
Otsuka, K., Cornélissen, G., Kubo, Y., Shibata, K., Mizuno, K., Aiba, T., Furukawa, S., Ohshima, H., & Mukai, C. N. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36389-6 · Cited by 9
Hope in the uncertainties and certainty for parents of children with rare neurological disorders: Part 2 (of 3): Certainty
Nevin, S. M., Beavis, E., Macintosh, R., Palmer, E. E., Sachdev, R., Le Marne, F. A., Bye, A. M., & Nunn, K. (2022) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.16202 · Cited by 9
Using Caregiver Support to Promote Efficacy of Nontraditional Instruction Provided to Students With Extensive Support Needs
Brewer, B. N., Riggs, L., Courtade, G. R., & Landrum, T. J. (2021) · Rural Special Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/87568705211049338 · Cited by 8
“For example, Lloyd and Hastings (2009) found that caregivers who had elevated perceptions or beliefs that their child could meet goals (strong hope agency) were able to help their child reduce problematic behaviors and improve the overall well-being of the family as a whole.”
Background
A study on Hope, Stress and Self-Efficacy in Parents of Children with Intellectual Disability
Kore, R., & Venkatraman, S. (2017) · Indian Journal of Mental Health(IJMH) · doi:10.30877/ijmh.4.3.2017.243-251 · Cited by 8
“This study‘s findings indicate that high hope level in mothers was negatively correlated with depression [25].”
Background
On Death and Disability: Reframing Educators' Perceptions of Parental Response to Disability
Allred, K. W., & Hancock, C. (2012) · Disability Studies Quarterly · doi:10.18061/dsq.v32i4.1737 · Cited by 7
“…factors such as optimism, self-efficacy, benefit finding, mindfulness, and hope in responding to a child with disability (e.g., Bayat, 2007; Blacher & Baker, 2007; Hastings, Beck, & Hill, 2005; Hastings & Taunt, 2002; Kearney & Griffin, 2001; Kuhn & Carter, 2006; Lloyd & Hastings, 2008, 2009).”
A psychodynamic understanding of parental stress among parents of children with learning and developmental disability and behaviours that challenge
Coetzee, O., Adnams, C. M., & Swartz, L. M. (2018) · Psychodynamic Practice · doi:10.1080/14753634.2018.1526106 · Cited by 7
“…parents of children with LDD have increasingly reported positive parental experiences regarding the companionship and daily support they receive from their children, particularly as they grow older (Blacher, Begum, Marcoulides, & Baker, 2013; Griffith & Hastings, 2013; Lloyd & Hastings, 2009).”
Background
A Contextual Behavioral Science Approach to Parenting Intervention and Research
Jones, L. B., Whittingham, K., Coyne, L. W., & Lightcap, A. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118489857.ch20 · Cited by 7
The role of parenting stress and perceived social support in affecting family function among families of patients with cleft lip and/or palate: a path analysis based on the family adjustment and adaptation response model
Yuan, L., Du, Y., Gao, Y., Wang, W., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Yang, J., Wang, X., & Li, H. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-05846-1 · Cited by 8
“Previous studies have demonstrated that perceived social support [44] and hope [45] were positively associated with resilience; perceived social support [46], resilience [47], and hope [48] were related to coping; hope was positively associated with perceived social support [49].”
Interventions to promote resilience in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Mei, Z., Cai, C., Wang, T., Yang, Y., Lam, C., Zhang, Y., Zhao, W., Shi, Y., Luo, S., & Luo, S. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.08.011 · Cited by 10
Recursos parentales en familias con hijos sordos
Rico, M. E. D., Zuluaga, C. A. M., & Arizabaleta, M. D. M. P. (2021) · El Ágora USB · doi:10.21500/16578031.4546 · Cited by 6
Feasibility of a brief mindfulness intervention: Examining stress, anxiety and mindfulness for Thai parents of children with developmental disabilities
Petcharat, M., & Liehr, P. R. (2021) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2021.06.002 · Cited by 6

Authors: Lloyd, T. J., & Hastings, R.
Affiliations: Bangor University (GB)
Corresponding author: Lloyd, T. J.
ORCID: Hastings, R.
Venue: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-11-30
Volume: 53
Issue: 12
Pages: 957-968
ISSN: 0964-2633 (ISSN-L)
1365-2788
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01206.x
OpenAlex: W2103045014
Semantic Scholar: 22077dc1970d4859ea5259f8ff1ebb40d3f9690d
Cited by: 186
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 7.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Keywords: hope, intellectual disability, parents of children with intellectual disabilities, parental well-being, maternal depression, paternal anxiety, positive affect, child behavior problems, mothers, fathers, positive psychology
MeSH terms: Child, Fathers, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological

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Hope as a psychological resilience factor in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disabilities

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