Interplay Between Endocannabinoids, Steroids and Cytokines in the Control of Human Reproduction
Open accessAbstract
The use of marijuana, which today is the most used recreational drug, has been demonstrated to affect adversely reproduction. Marijuana smokers, both men and women, show impaired fertility, owing to defective signalling pathways, aberrant hormonal regulation, or wrong timing during embryo implantation. Anandamide (N‐arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) mimic Δ 9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive principle of Cannabis sativa, by binding to both the brain‐type (CB 1) and the spleen‐type (CB 2) cannabinoid receptors. These ‘endocannabinoids’ exert several actions either in the central nervous system or in peripheral tissues, and are metabolised by specific enzymes that synthesise or hydrolyse them. In this review, we shall describe the elements that constitute the endocannabinod system (ECS), in order to put in a better perspective the role of this system in the control of human fertility, both in females and males. In addition, we shall discuss the interplay between ECS, sex hormones and cytokines, which generates an endocannabinoid−hormone−cytokine array critically involved in the control of human reproduction.
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Maternal exposure to cannabis can adversely affect conception and/or maintenance of pregnancy.
“Maternal exposure to cannabis can adversely affect conception and/or maintenance of pregnancy.122–124”
From Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cannabis and Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in the Management of Chronic Pain and Co-Occurring Conditions (2024) · cites this paper as [122]
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- Authors
- Battista, N., Pasquariello, N., Di Tommaso, M., & Maccarrone, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Teramo (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Maccarrone, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-04-17
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- s1
- Pages
- 82-89
- ISSN
- 0953-8194 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2826
- OpenAlex
- W1971325935
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UniTERAMO Research Catalog (University of Teramo) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi dell Aquila (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- endocannabinoid system, human reproduction, fertility, cannabinoids, anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, CB1 receptor, CB2 receptor, sex hormones, cytokines, cannabis, Cannabis sativa, endocannabinoid metabolism, embryo implantation, male fertility, female fertility
- MeSH terms
- Cannabinoids, Female, Fertility, Gonads, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Reproduction, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Steroids, Cytokines, Receptors, Cannabinoid, Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators, Endocannabinoids
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