Understanding aggressive behaviour across the lifespan
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Accessible summary: Aggressive behavior is the observable manifestation of aggression and is associated with transitions across different developmental periods as well as a variety of medical and psychiatric disorders. This paper provides a brief review of the different biological, social, and environmental risk factors that may predispose individuals to aggressive behavior. In addition, this paper discusses the unique risk factors for aggressive behavior across the developmental spectrum, including childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and late life. Appreciation of the risk factors of aggressive behavior and how they relate to age‐specific manifestations may aid the development of prevention and treatment programs. Aggressive behaviour is the observable manifestation of aggression and is often associated with developmental transitions and a range of medical and psychiatric diagnoses across the lifespan. As healthcare professionals involved in the medical and psychosocial care of patients from birth through death, nurses frequently encounter – and may serve as – both victims and perpetrators of aggressive behaviour in the workplace. While the nursing literature has continually reported research on prevention and treatment approaches, less emphasis has been given to understanding the aetiology, including contextual precipitants of aggressive behaviour. This paper provides a brief review of the biological, social and environmental risk factors that purportedly give rise to aggressive behaviour. Further, many researchers have focused specifically on aggressive behaviour in adolescence and adulthood. Less attention has been given to understanding the aetiology of such behaviour in young children and older adults. This paper emphasizes the unique risk factors for aggressive behaviour across the developmental spectrum, including childhood, adolescence, adulthood and late life. Appreciation of the risk factors of aggressive behaviour, and, in particular, how they relate to age‐specific manifestations, can aid nurses in better design and implementation of prevention and treatment programmes.
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Aggressive behaviors often manifest in different forms and are triggered by different risk factors across the lifespan.
“Indeed, aggressive behaviors often manifest in different forms and are triggered by different risk factors across the lifespan [60].”
From An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models (2019) · cites this paper as [60]
Adult onset aggression is often linked to physical or emotional trauma, substance use, medical illnesses, or brain injuries.
“Adult onset aggression is often linked to physical or emotional trauma, substance use, medical illnesses, or brain injuries [60].”
From An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models (2019) · cites this paper as [60]
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Bye, E. K. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01701.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Effects of aggressive driving and driver characteristics on road rage
Dukes, R. L., Clayton, S. L., Jenkins, L. T., Miller, T. L., & Rodgers, S. E. (2001) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/s0362-3319(01)00117-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Victim and offender self-reports of alcohol involvement in crime.
Greenfeld, L., & Henneberg, M. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 65 · see citing works
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The prevention of child and adolescent violence
Fields, S. A., & McNamara, J. R. (2003) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(01)00054-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Aggressive behaviour by people with dementia in residential care settings: a review
PULSFORD, D., & DUXBURY, J. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00964.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The nurse’s role in the management of aggression
Irwin, A. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00957.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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A Comparison of Antecedents of Homicide-Suicide and Suicide in Older Married Men
Malphurs, J. E., Eisdorfer, C., & Cohén, D. (2001) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200102000-00008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Understanding Aggressive Behavior in Children
Ferris, C. F., & Grisso, T. (1998) · eScholarship@UMassChan · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Road Rage: Risk Factors, Assessment, and Intervention Strategies
Sharkin, B. S. (2004) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00301.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Influences of beliefs and values on male adolescents' decision to commit violent offenses.
López, V., & Emmer, E. T. (2002) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/1524-9220.3.1.28 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Behavior disorders of dementia: recognition and treatment.
Rayner, A. V. S., O’Brien, J. G., Schoenbachler, B., & Shoenbachler, B. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mitty, E., & Flores, S. (2008) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2008.02.009 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Prevalence of Antidepressant-Associated Erectile Dysfunction
Rosen, R. C., & Marín, H. (2003) · The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 45 · see citing works
THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL RESTRAINT AS A CONSEQUENCE FOR INAPPROPRIATE CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR
Magee, S. K., & Ellis, J. (2001) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2001.34-501 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
SUICIDE IN OLDER ADULTS: NURSING ASSESSMENT OF SUICIDE RISK
Garand, L., Mitchell, A. M., Dietrick, A., Hijjawi, S. P., & Pan, D. L. (2006) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840600569633 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Deffenbacher, J. L., & McKay, M. P. (2000) · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Understanding and Preventing Violence
Whitaker, L. C. (2000) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781439832608 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Landreville, P., Bédard, A., Verreault, R., Desrosiers, J., Champoux, N., Monette, J., & Voyer, P. (2006) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610205002929 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Long‐term behavioural consequences of infant feeding: the limits of observational studies
Kramer, M. S., Fombonne, E. J., Matush, L., Bogdanovich, N., Dahhou, M., & Platt, R. W. (2011) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01211.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Massage decreases aggression in preschool children: a long‐term study
von Knorring, A., Söderberg, A., Austin, L., & Uvnäs‐Moberg, K. (2008) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00919.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The effect of a self-monitored relaxation breathing exercise on male adolescent aggressive behavior.
Gaines, T., & Barry, L. M. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Child Maltreatment and Domestic Violence: Human Services Issues
Appel, J. K., & Kim-Appel, D. (2006) · Journal of Health and Human Services Administration · doi:10.1177/107937390602900201 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Birnbaum, L. (2005) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/tsw.2005.59 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Corporal punishment in schools
Commitee, A. H. C. P., Greydanus, D. E., Pratt, H. D., Greydanus, S. E., Hofmann, A. D., & Tsegaye-Spates, C. R. (1992) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/1054-139x(92)90097-u · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Youth Aggression: Economic Impact, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment
Bastiaens, L. (2006) · The Psychiatric times · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Link Between Psychosis and Aggression in Persons with Dementia: A Systematic Review
Shub, D., Ball, V. L., Abbas, A.-A. A., Gottumukkala, A., & Kunik, M. E. (2010) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-009-9121-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Long-Term Behavioral Consequences of Infant Feeding: The Limits of Observational Studies
Kramer, M. S. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Environmental Determinants of Aggression in Adolescents: Role of Urban Neighborhood Greenspace
Younan, D., Tuvblad, C., Li, L., Wu, J. Y., Lurmann, F. W., Franklin, M., Berhane, K. T., McConnell, R., Wu, A. H., Baker, L. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.002 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Spelten, E. R., Thomas, B., O'Meara, P. F., Maguire, B. J., FitzGerald, D., & Begg, S. J. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012662.pub2 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models
Zhang-James, Y., Fernàndez-Castillo, N., Hess, J. L., Malki, K., Glatt, S. J., Cormand, B., & Faraone, S. V. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0068-7 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Adult onset aggression is often linked to physical or emotional trauma, substance use, medical illnesses, or brain injuries [60].”
Zeng, T. C., Cheng, J. T., & Henrich, J. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0451 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Consistent with this, studies reveal a cross-culturally typical trajectory of progressive decline in physical aggression beginning at ages 4 to 5 years and lasting through middle childhood [89,90,99], alongside a concomitant rise in concerns with egalitarianism, fairness and prosociality [91,94,100,101].”
BackgroundResultWhat Is Known About Dementia Care Recipient Violence and Aggression Against Caregivers?
Wharton, T., & Ford, B. K. (2014) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2014.882466 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Liu, Lewis, and Evans (2013) noted that caregivers “are often blamed for the violent actions of residents by their superiors rather than being supported,” and further noted that “the complexity of caring for residents with dementia must be recognized and acknowledged . . . open constructive…”
BackgroundThe impact of personal relative deprivation on aggression over time
Greitemeyer, T., & Sagioglou, C. (2018) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1549013 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Kim, E. A., Yim, H. W., Jeong, H., Jo, S., Lee, H. K., Son, H. J., & Han, H. H. (2018) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2018039 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“공격성향은 청소년기에 증가하였다가 이후 성인기에 들어감에 따라 지속적으로 감소하는 양상을 보인다 [3].”
Testing effects of social rejection on aggressive and prosocial behavior: A meta‐analysis
Quarmley, M., Feldman, J. L., Grossman, H., Clarkson, T., Moyer, A. E., & Jarcho, J. M. (2022) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22026 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Dugre, J. R., Dumais, A., Dellazizzo, L., & Potvin, S. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001272 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hildebrandt, T., Langenbucher, J. W., Flores, A., Harty, S. C., & Berlin, H. A. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0036482 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Personal Risk and Protective Factors Involved in Aggressive Behavior
Gómez‐Leal, R., Megías‐Robles, A., Gutiérrez‐Cobo, M. J., Cabello, R., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520926322 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ertürk, İ. Ş., Kahya, Y., & Gor, N. (2018) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2018.1541493 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Workplace incivility and its socio-demographic determinants in India
Chaudhary, R., Lata, M., & Firoz, M. (2022) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-02-2021-0023 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The association between peer rejection and aggression types: A meta-analysis
Yue, X., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105974 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Adjustment and maladjustment to later life: Evidence about early experiences in the family
Alcaide, M., García, Ó. F., Queiroz, P. V. M. D. O., & Pérez, J. F. G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1059458 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Vandenkerckhove, B., BRENNING, K. M., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyten, P., & Soenens, B. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09719-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Exposure to Community Violence, Parental Involvement, and Aggression Among Immigrant Adolescents
Hamner, T., Latzman, R. D., & Chan, W. Y. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0128-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Because of our relatively wide age range (ages 12–20) and gender split (54 % female), and because age and gender are known to be associated with aggression (Eagly and Steffen 1986; Liu et al. 2013), we included these variables together as covariates in Step 1.”
BackgroundALONE: A Dataset for Toxic Behavior Among Adolescents on Twitter
Wijesiriwardene, T., Inan, H., Kursuncu, U., Gaur, M., Shalin, V. L., Thirunarayan, K., Sheth, A., & Arpinar, I. B. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60975-7_31 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Toxic behavior is prevalent among adolescents, sometimes leading to aggression [26,27].”
BackgroundFauzi, F. A., Zulkefli, N. A. M., & Baharom, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.992159 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The internal stimuli of the biological cause of nutritional deficiency have been shown by many researchers in predisposing aggression (1, 16).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPathways from Early Family Violence to Adolescent Reactive Aggression and Violence Victimization
Perry, K. J., Ostrov, J. M., Shisler, S., Eiden, R. D., Nickerson, A. B., Godleski, S. A., & Schuetze, P. A. (2020) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-019-00109-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Violence has historically been defined as an extreme or severe form of aggression that has the potential to lead to serious injury or even death (Liu et al. 2013; Ostrov and Perry 2018).”
BackgroundPhysical, Verbal, and Relational Aggression: The Role of Anger Management Strategies
Dewi, I. D. A. D. P., & Kyranides, M. N. (2021) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2021.1994495 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fits, Tantrums, and Rages in TS and Related Disorders
Budman, C. L., Rosen, M., & Shad, S. (2015) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-015-0059-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mélo, R. M. F., de Oliveira, G. M., Barbosa, R. S., Esteves, B. D., Gonzaga, B. M. D. S., Horita, S. I. M., Garzoni, L. R., Beghini, D. G., de Araújo-Jorge, T. C., & Fragoso, V. M. D. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.696834 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nurses' perceptions of transgressive behaviour in care relationships: a qualitative study
Vandecasteele, T., Debyser, B., Van Hecke, A., De Backer, T., Beeckman, D., & Verhaeghe, S. (2015) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12749 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Karageorghis, C. I., Mouchlianitis, E. D., Payre, W., Kuan, G., Howard, L. W., Reed, N., & Parkes, A. (2021) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103436 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Luteijn, I., Didden, R., & VanDerNagel, J. (2017) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-017-0031-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Just like motivation, aggression during treatment has a large impact on the success of treatment (Liu et al. 2013).”
InfluentialPredictors of deliberate self-harm among adolescents: Answers from a cross-sectional study on India
Sinha, D., Srivastava, S., Mishra, P. S., & Kumar, P. P. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00705-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Awathale, S. N., Dudhabhate, B. B., Rahangdale, R. R., Borkar, C. D., Subhedar, N. K., & Kokare, D. M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108791 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zhu, X., Yang, Y., Xiao, Z., Pooley, A., Ozdemir, E., Speyer, L. G., Leung, M., Thurston, C., Kwok, J., Li, X., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.269 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Screening for Violent Tendencies in Adolescents
Juárez, P. D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-66130-0.00010-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Aggressive behavior during childhood (from ages 6 to 13 years) appears to consistently predict later violence among men; however, research results for aggressive women are less consistent.(93,94) Early onset of violence and delinquency is also associated with later acts of more serious and chronic violence, as is invo…”
ResultSpelten, E. R., Thomas, B., O'Meara, P. F., Maguire, B. J., FitzGerald, D., & Begg, S. J. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012662 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Aggressive behaviour and violence in children and adolescents with FASD: A synthesizing review
Joseph, J. J., Mela, M., & Pei, J. R. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102155 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
McMahon, S. D., Cafaro, C. L., Bare, K. M., Zinter, K. E., Garcia‐Murillo, Y., Lynch, G., Anderman, E. M., Espelage, D. L., Reddy, L. A., & Subotnik, R. F. (2022) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-022-09706-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Metro, D., Corallo, F., Fedele, F., Buda, M., Manasseri, L., Buono, V. L., Quartarone, A., & Bonanno, L. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58111670 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Measurement of aggression in older adults
Ravyts, S. G., Perez, E., Donovan, E. K., Soto, P. F., & Dzierzewski, J. M. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101484 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Cognitive and personality changes associated with dementia can further increase an individual’s disposition towards aggression (Liu et al., 2013).”
BackgroundFu, Y., Hu, J., Erasmus, M. A., Zhang, H., Johnson, T. A., & Cheng, H. W. (2023) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-023-00866-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“However, based on the cost–benefit analysis, aggression and related damaging behaviors, such as violence within a group, cause social stress, interfere with societal safety, and damage the health of both dominants and subordinates [4, 5].”
BackgroundSelf-reported changes in aggressive driving within the past five years, and during COVID-19
Stephens, A. N., Trawley, S. L., Ispanovic, J., & Lowrie, S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272422 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“However, our lack of associations between these factors and change may be explained by the older age of the sample (average age 49), with aggression being more prevalent in young people, particularly under 26 [38] and drivers under 39 [30].”
BackgroundChildbearing Depression and Childhood Aggression
Hendricks, K., & Liu, J. (2012) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0b013e3182482c5e · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationYunalia, E. M., & Etika, A. N. (2019) · Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa · doi:10.26714/jkj.7.3.2019.229-236 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The effect of an aggressive behavior prevention program on kindergarten students
Akcan, A., & Ergün, A. (2018) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12575 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Association Between Witnessing and Justifying Workplace Violence Towards Nurses in Israel
Aharon, A. A., Warshawski, S., & Itzhaki, M. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12603 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shaikh, M. A., Abio, A., Adedimeji, A., & Wilson, M. L. (2020) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs10010029 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rutter, N. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054176 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Violence and Aggression Whilst CPV is often referred to as the most under-researched form of family violence, the broader field of childhood aggression is one of the most highly researched topics globally [20].”
Irritability and rejection‐elicited aggression in adolescents and young adults
Quarmley, M., Vafiadis, A., & Jarcho, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13804 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cao, L., Wang, S., Li, Y., Li, Y., Yuan, M., Wang, G., & Su, P. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.119 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Appraising risk factors of aggression in children and adolescents at psychiatric inpatient units
John, J. R., Thavalingam, V., Tye, M., Dean, K., Barzman, D. H., Sorter, M. T., & Lin, P. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115368 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Our findindgs indicate a history of psychiatric hospitalization as being the strongest predictor aggressive incidents, which aligns with the consensus based on other studies, highlighting the predictive power of past behaviours in anticipating future aggression (Herrenkohl et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2013; Mroczkowski e…”
Understanding Youth Violence Through a Socio-Ecological Lens
Paat, Y., Yeager, K. H., Cruz, E. M., Cole, R., & Torres, L. R. (2025) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci14070424 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gallardo‐Pujol, D., Penelo, E., Sit, C. H. P., Jornet-Gibert, M., Suso‐Ribera, C., Buades‐Rotger, M., Maydeu‐Olivares, A., Pueyo, A. A., & Bryant, F. B. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1565572 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bryce, C. J. C., Skvarc, D., King, R. M., & Hyder, S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02318-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tlotleng, N., Naicker, N., Mathee, A., Todd, A. C., Nkomo, P., & Norris, S. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042200 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“One study in 2009, conducted in South Africa by the Centre for Justice and Crime and other related studies identified some of the key factors that may heighten aggressive behaviour in both young males and females [13,14].”
BackgroundDweik, I., & Woodhall‐Melnik, J. (2022) · International Journal of Housing Policy · doi:10.1080/19491247.2022.2037175 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“, 2018), and socioeconomic and childhood experiences (Glantz & Hartel, 1999; Liu et al., 2013; Shaver & Mikulincer, 2011; Staub, 2003).”
Unal, U., & Güneş, G. (2024) · Journal of Childhood Education & Society · doi:10.37291/2717638x.202452392 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“For example, while children who spend time with aggressive peers exhibit aggressive behaviours over time (Liu et al., 2013) children who spend time with sharing and cooperative peers learn these behaviours and these behaviours are reinforced (Laursen & Veenstra, 2021).”
BackgroundAssessment of Credibility of Testimony in Alleged Intimate Partner Violence: A Case Report
Silva, T. C. (2021) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/24732850.2021.1945836 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Eden, J., & Roberto, A. J. (2021) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi13090223 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
AlMoghrabi, N., Verhoef, R. E. J., Smeijers, D., Huijding, J., & van Dijk, A. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10415-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Aggressive behavior is a prominent societal problem that creates serious physical, emotional, social, and economic damage (Iqbal et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2013).”
Yaşartürk, F., Akay, B., & Kul, M. (2022) · CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.1128967 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Perceptions of anger and aggression in rural adolescent Australian males
Edwards, P., van de Mortel, T., & Stevens, J. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12513 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, M., Chen, P., Li, H., Kemp, A. H., & Zhang, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.622914 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Behavioral Addiction Model of Revenge, Violence, and Gun Abuse
Kimmel, J., & Rowe, M. (2020) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1177/1073110520979419 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social isolation induces sexually aggressive behaviour in male Wistar rats
Mbiydzenyuy, N. E., Hemmings, S. M. J., Womersley, J. S., Shabangu, T. W., & Qulu-Appiah, L. (2025) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-025-00932-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Saba, P., Qi, H., Saleem, A., Chen, I., Kausar, F. N., & Iqbal, M. F. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13080659 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Family systems and the interaction between family members play considerable roles in increasing or controlling the anger and aggression of children [5,25].”
BackgroundKhan, M. U., Balbontín, C., Bliemer, M. C. J., & Aslani, P. (2022) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13462 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Furthermore, adults may be better at controlling aggressiveness compared to children.(53) Second, parents may be more concerned about the future of their children in terms of how they will cope with the wider social challenges of life such as educational, occupational, marital and interpersonal communication issues.”
BackgroundVu, L. G., Hoàng, L. N., Vu, M. N. L., Anh, H. N. S., Nathan, N. A., Dam, V. A. T., Vu, T. M. T., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. (2023) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580231179894 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In addition, most of the physicians available in those regions only received the 4-year training program, a shortened and less qualified version of the standard 6-year medical education.23 Other healthcare workers such as pharmacists and nurses working in the Central Highlands and Northwest mountainous regions also on…”
BackgroundInfluentialKpeno, A., Sahoo, S., Sahu, A. K., & Sahu, P. K. (2024) · Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1177/09731342241278964 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Peculiarities of the chest’s size in female volleyball players of different constitutional types
Sarafyniuk, L. A., Півторак, В. І., Khavtur, V. O., Fedoniuk, L. Y., & Khapitska, O. P. (2018) · Biomedical and Biosocial Anthropology · doi:10.31393/bba33-2018-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“During a qualified sport selection, special attention should be paid to those features and abilities, that have a great influence on the effectiveness, and those, that are mainly under the influence of genetic factor [5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 21, 22, 25].”
BackgroundImpact of Parenting Intervention on Observed Aggressive Behaviors in At-Risk Infants
Heflin, B. H., Heymann, P., Coxe, S. J., & Bagner, D. M. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01744-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kuzucu, Y., & SARIOT, Ö. (2020) · Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi · doi:10.21031/epod.683176 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Familial Clustering of Trends in Aggression
van der Laan, C. M., van de Weijer, S. G. A., Nivard, M. G., & Boomsma, D. I. (2021) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-021-09523-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Parenting styles contributes to overt aggression, but age and gender matters
Nwufo, J. I., Eze, J. E., Chukwuorji, J. C., Orjiakor, C. T., & Ifeagwazi, C. M. (2023) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2022.100852 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Victimization by Friends and Victimization by Other Peers: Common Risk Factors or Mutual Influence?
Vučetić, M., Brendgen, M. R., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01270-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cascading indirect genetic effects in a clonal vertebrate
Makowicz, A. M., Bierbach, D., Richardson, C. W., & Hughes, K. A. (2022) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0731 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Luehring, M. C., & McIntyre, L. L. (2023) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-128.6.481 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gramegna, C., Franca, M., & Bolognini, N. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01289-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…behavior is influenced by many different factors, including genetic predisposition (Pavlov et al., 2012; Popova, 2008), environmental influences (Liu et al., 2013; Reif et al., 2007), and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in the case of psychiatric patients (Girasek et al., 2022).”
Risk predictions of physical aggression in acute psychiatric wards: Findings of a prospective study
Yalçın, S. U., & Bilgin, H. (2019) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12599 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kula, M. E. (2022) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9187-1.ch027 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anger and aggression in forensic mental health populations
Morris, V. L., Mамак, М., Chaimowitz, G. A., & Moulden, H. M. (2024) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2024.2326641 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The exact ways in which feelings of anger translate into acts of aggression is still an area of research, however, some believe that it is dependent on situational cues, cognitive thought patterns, learned behaviours, or genetic underpinnings (Liu et al., 2013).”
BackgroundViolence, older adults, and serious mental illness
Goldhagen, R. F. S., & Davidtz, J. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101439 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Vaht, M. (2021) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2021.1896470 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Targeting GluN2B/NO Pathway Ameliorates Social Isolation–Induced Exacerbated Attack Behavior in Mice
Fang, W., Wang, X.-R., Cai, M., Liu, X., Wang, X.-M., & Lu, W.-H. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.700003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, aberrant attacks have a profound socioeconomic impact and devastating social consequences (Liu et al., 2013), yet the clinical management of escalated attack behavior remains unsatisfactory.”
BackgroundCommunity matters: GxE interactions predicting childhood aggression and violent behavior
Sattler, L. J., Thomas, K. A., Vaughn, M. G., Almeida, J., White, L. A., & Waldman, M. R. (2019) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.03.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI ASERTIF DENGAN KEJADIAN PERILAKU AGRESIF PADA REMAJA
Yunalia, E. M., & Haryuni, S. (2020) · Care Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan · doi:10.33366/jc.v8i2.1362 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Aggressive Behavior of Children in a Daycare Center
Filho, S. R. P., Pompermaier, H. M., de Almeida, N. V. F., & Souza, D. D. H. (2016) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-43272664201611 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
ALONE: A Dataset for Toxic Behavior among Adolescents on Twitter
Kursuncu, U., Wijesiriwardene, T., Inan, H., Gaur, M., Shalin, V. L., Thirunarayan, K., Sheth, A., & Arpinar, I. B. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3608351 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bouliane, M., Boivin, M., Kretschmer, T., Lafreniere, B., Paquin, S., Tremblay, R. E., Côté, S. M., Gouin, J., Andlauer, T. F. M., Petitclerc, A., et al. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02654-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Influence of Perceived Crowdedness on Aggressive Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model
Xie, Y., Dai, W., & Yang, Z. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15030259 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Following previous studies on prosocial behavior (Eagly & Steffen, 1986; Greitemeyer & Sagioglou, 2016; J. Liu et al., 2013), we included the following demographic variables, which may influence aggressive behavior as control variables: age, gender, and perceived socioeconomic status.”
Gramegna, C., Barbieri, B., & Bolognini, N. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02087-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Carolina, C., & Tjakrawiralaksana, M. A. (2021) · Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan · doi:10.22219/jipt.v9i2.14441 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sloan, C. J., Forrester, E. J., Lanza, S. T., Feinberg, M. E., & Fosco, G. M. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000762 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Similarly, problem behaviors like aggression in adolescence are consistently linked with increased risk for mental health problems and suicidal behavior, as well as greater risk of violent behavior in adulthood, including intimate partner abuse, child abuse, and homicide (Liu et al., 2013).”
Kato, Y., Kawahara, T., Endo, Y., & Yamazaki, A. (2025) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/jjns.70001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Despite these distinctions, much of the existing research on aggression emphasizes adolescents and adults (Liu et al., 2013), underscoring the need for interventions tailored particularly for children, considering the differences between children and adults.”
Lê, K., & Ashdown, B. K. (2020) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2020.1827218 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Highly Sessional Aggressive Behaviors Link to Temporal Dynamics Shared Across Space
Victorino, J., Rudas, J., Reyes, A. M. M., Pulido, C., Sierra, L. F. C., Estrada, C., Narvaez, L. A., & Gómez, F. A. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3132501 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Aggressive behaviors correspond to violent actions or disputes that one individual effectuates over another in which physical harm might happen and occurs in a social environment [2], [3].”
BackgroundStevanović, D., Damjanović, R., Jović, V., Bador, K., Hằng, N. T. M., Senhaji, M., Kuch-Cecconi, R., Meszaros, Z. S., & Kerekes, N. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114504 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Exploring the construct validity is an important aspect considering that aggression tends to increase from late childhood and peak in adolescence (Liu et al., 2013).”
Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xie, X., Lin, X., Huang, M., Fu, H., Zhou, W., Ji, J. S., Yu, Y., & Tang, J. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116529 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
THE EFFECT OF ANGER MANAGEMENT TRAINING TOWARD AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENTS
Farisandy, E. D., & Hartini, N. (2020) · Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.14710/jp.19.1.95-107 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reduction of Aggressive Behavior Levels in Adolescent Adolescents with Emotional Regulation Therapy
Yunalia, E. M., & Suharto, I. P. S. (2020) · Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa · doi:10.26714/jkj.8.3.2020.361-368 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rong, F., Cheng, J., Hu, J., Wang, Y. C., Xu, Z., Guan, M., Zhang, N., & Yu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nor, N. M., Abdullah, S. M. S., & Rahman, S. N. H. A. (2019) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v4i7.302 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cortisol and Oxytocin Could Predict Covert Aggression in Some Psychotic Patients
Popescu, E. R., Semeniuc, S., Hrițcu, L. D., Horhogea, C. E., Spataru, M. C., Truş, C., Dobrin, R., Chiriță, V., & Chiriță, R. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57080760 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Although historically, aggressive behavior had a function as a very important adaptative trait, nowadays, there are fewer instances where this type of behavior is appropriate [2].”
BackgroundO’Donnell, C., Demler, T. L., & Trigoboff, E. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Beltrán-Morillas, A. M., Villanueva‐Moya, L., Sánchez-Hernández, M. D., Alonso-Ferres, M., Garrido‐Macías, M., & Expósito, F. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054114 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“the normal developmental process during this period [47,49].”
- Authors
- LIU, J., LEWIS, G., & EVANS, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- LIU, J.
- ORCID
- LIU, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-04-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 156-168
- ISSN
- 1351-0126 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2850
- PMC
- PMC3411865
- OpenAlex
- W1535694698
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (K01ES015877, K02ES019878, R01ES018858)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- aggression, risk factors, lifespan development, child aggression, adolescent aggression, adult aggression, etiology, prevention programmes, treatment programs, workplace aggression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Behavioral Symptoms, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Human Development, Infant, Risk Factors, Young Adult
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