The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Galaxy Zoo: morphologies derived from visual inspection of galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey ★
Open accessAbstract
In order to understand the formation and subsequent evolution of galaxies one must first distinguish between the two main morphological classes of massive systems: spirals and early-type systems. This paper introduces a project, Galaxy Zoo, which provides visual morphological classifications for nearly one million galaxies, extracted from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). This achievement was made possible by inviting the general public to visually inspect and classify these galaxies via the internet. The project has obtained more than 4 × 107 individual classifications made by ∼105 participants. We discuss the motivation and strategy for this project, and detail how the classifications were performed and processed. We find that Galaxy Zoo results are consistent with those for subsets of SDSS galaxies classified by professional astronomers, thus demonstrating that our data provide a robust morphological catalogue. Obtaining morphologies by direct visual inspection avoids introducing biases associated with proxies for morphology such as colour, concentration or structural parameters. In addition, this catalogue can be used to directly compare SDSS morphologies with older data sets. The colour–magnitude diagrams for each morphological class are shown, and we illustrate how these distributions differ from those inferred using colour alone as a proxy for morphology.
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“but billions of galaxies are virtually impossible to classify visually by humans, even using large community based projects such as Galaxy Zoo (Lintott et al. 2008; Darg et al. 2010a)”
From Detecting galaxy tidal features using self-supervised representation learning (2024) · cites this paper as Lintott et al. 2008
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In the citing paper
“Zoobot 2 (Walmsley et al. 2023) is a Bayesian CNN that is pretrained on 92 million morphological classifications of galaxies as part of the Galaxy Zoo citizen science project (Lintott et al. 2008).”
From Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): XXVIII. The Strong Lensing Discovery Engine C – Finding lenses with machine learning (2026) · cites this paper as Lintott et al. 2008
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“Additionally, citizen science projects such as Galaxy Zoo [8] have demonstrated the potential for non-expert volunteers to accelerate and scale the labelling process.”
From AnomalyMatch: Discovering Rare Objects of Interest with Semi-supervised and Active Learning (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
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The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
York, D., Adelman, J., Anderson, J., Anderson, S., Annis, J., Bahcall, N., Bakken, J., Barkhouser, R., Bastian, S., Berman, E., et al. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301513 · Cited by 8,368
Self-citationThe Sloan Digital Sky Survey Photometric System
Fukugita, M., Ichikawa, T., Gunn, J. E., Doi, M., Shimasaku, K., & Schneider, D. P. (1996) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/117915 · Cited by 3,033
Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies
de Vaucouleurs, G. D., de Vaucouleurs, A., Corwin, H., Buta, R., Paturel, G., & Fouqué, P. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4363-0_1 · Cited by 2,185
The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization
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Strauss, M. A., Weinberg, D. H., Lupton, R. H., Narayanan, V. K., Annis, J., Bernardi, M., Blanton, M., Burles, S., Connolly, A. J., Dalcanton, J., et al. (2002) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/342343 · Cited by 1,909
Self-citationColor Separation of Galaxy Types in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Imaging Data
Strateva, I. V., Ivezić, Ž., Knapp, G. R., Narayanan, V. K., Strauss, M. A., Gunn, J. E., Lupton, R. H., Schlegel, D. J., Bahcall, N. A., Brinkmann, J., et al. (2001) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/323301 · Cited by 1,599
K -Corrections and Filter Transformations in the Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-Infrared
Blanton, M. R., & Roweis, S. (2007) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/510127 · Cited by 1,579
The Sixth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Adelman‐McCarthy, J. K., Agüeros, M. A., Allam, S. S., Allende Prieto, C., Anderson, K. S. J., Anderson, S. F., Annis, J., Bahcall, N. A., Bailer‐Jones, C. A. L., Baldry, I. K., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/524984 · Cited by 1,486
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Quantifying the Bimodal Color-Magnitude Distribution of Galaxies
Baldry, I., Glazebrook, K., Brinkmann, J., Ivezić, Ž., Lupton, R., Nichol, R., & Szalay, A. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/380092 · Cited by 1,199
Self-citation
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- Hubble, 1936, The Realm of the Nebulae
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Items 1,001–1,003 of 1,003
Jackson, T. M., Pasquali, A., Barbera, F. L., More, S., & Grebel, E. K. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad131 · Cited by 7
Classification of galaxy morphology based on FPN-ViT model
Jie, C., Ting-ting, X., Yu-he, D., Guang-ping, L., Xian-jun, G., Ming-cun, Y., Zhi-jing, L., & Wei-hong, Z. (2024) · Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.chinastron.2024.11.001 · Cited by 3
AnomalyMatch: Discovering Rare Objects of Interest with Semi-supervised and Active Learning
Gómez, P., Ruhberg, L. E., Nardone, M. T., & O'Ryan, D. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.03509
“Additionally, citizen science projects such as Galaxy Zoo [8] have demonstrated the potential for non-expert volunteers to accelerate and scale the labelling process.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Lintott, C. J., Schawinski, K., Slosar, A., Land, K., Bamford, S., Thomas, D., Raddick, M. J., Nichol, R. C., Szalay, A., Andreescu, D., Murray, P., & Vandenberg, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-09-21
- Volume
- 389
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1179-1189
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2112193291
- Cited by
- 1,488
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 77
- FWCI
- 25.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Princeton University
- Ohio State University
- University of Washington
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Pittsburgh
- Case Western Reserve University
- Drexel University
- Universität Basel
- University of Portsmouth
- New Mexico State University
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/F00298X/1, ST/F002335/1)
- U.S. Naval Observatory
- Fermilab
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Galaxy Zoo, galaxy morphology, visual categorization, citizen science, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, spiral galaxies, early-type galaxies, color-magnitude relation, galaxy formation and evolution
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