Galaxy Zoo 2: detailed morphological classifications for 304 122 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
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We present the data release for Galaxy Zoo 2 (GZ2), a citizen science project with more than 16 million morphological classifications of 304,122 galaxies drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Morphology is a powerful probe for quantifying a galaxy's dynamical history; however, automatic classifications of morphology (either by computer analysis of images or by using other physical parameters as proxies) still have drawbacks when compared to visual inspection. The large number of images available in current surveys makes visual inspection of each galaxy impractical for individual astronomers. GZ2 uses classifications from volunteer citizen scientists to measure morphologies for all galaxies in the DR7 Legacy survey with m_r>17, in addition to deeper images from SDSS Stripe 82. While the original Galaxy Zoo project identified galaxies as early-types, late-types, or mergers, GZ2 measures finer morphological features. These include bars, bulges, and the shapes of edge-on disks, as well as quantifying the relative strengths of galactic bulges and spiral arms. This paper presents the full public data release for the project, including measures of accuracy and bias. The majority (>90%) of GZ2 classifications agree with those made by professional astronomers, especially for morphological T-types, strong bars, and arm curvature. Both the raw and reduced data products can be obtained in electronic format at http://data.galaxyzoo.org .
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GZ2 achieved morphological classifications of 304,122 SDSS galaxies.
“GZ2 (Willett et al. 2013), the successor to GZ, is focused on more fine-grained features, and in total achieved morphological classifications of 304,122 SDSS galaxies.”
From Self-supervised Representation Learning for Astronomical Images (2021) · cites this paper as Willett et al. 2013
Galaxy Zoo 2 achieved 16 million morphological classifications of 304,122 galaxies drawn from SDSS with r < 17 and petroR90_r > 3 arcsec.
“Galaxy Zoo 2 (Willett et al. 2013) achieved 16 million morphological classifications of 304,122 galaxies drawn from SDSS with r < 17 and petroR90 r 6 > 3 arcsec, collected via a web-based interface.”
From Self-supervised Representation Learning for Astronomical Images (2021) · cites this paper as Willett et al. 2013
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Scaling Laws for Galaxy Images
Walmsley, M., Bowles, M., Scaife, A. M. M., Makechemu, J. S., Gordon, A. J., Ferguson, A. M. N., Mann, R. G., Pearson, J., Popp, J. J., Bovy, J., et al. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.02973 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The campaigns used in this work are Galaxy Zoo DESI (397k galaxies, [27]) primarily from the Blanco Telescope in Chile, Galaxy Zoo 2 (188k galaxies, [44]) from the Sloan Foundation Telescope in New Mexico, Galaxy Zoo Hubble (94k galaxies, [45]) and Galaxy Zoo CANDELS (47k images, [46]) from the…”
MethodSelf-citationProperties of barred galaxies in the MaNGA galaxy survey
Fraser-McKelvie, A., Merrifield, M., Aragón-Salamanca, A., Masters, K., & the MaNGA Survey Team (2019) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921319008081 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationAnomalyMatch: Discovering Rare Objects of Interest with Semi-supervised and Active Learning
Gómez, P., Ruhberg, L. E., Nardone, M. T., & O'Ryan, D. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.03509
- Authors
- Willett, K. W., Lintott, C. J., Bamford, S. P., Masters, K. L., Simmons, B. D., Casteels, K. R. V., Edmondson, E. M., Fortson, L. F., Kaviraj, S., Keel, W. C., Melvin, T., Nichol, R. C., Raddick, M. J., Schawinski, K., Simpson, R. J., Skibba, R. A., Smith, A. M., & Thomas, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Adler Planetarium (US)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- South East Physics Network (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ES)
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- University of Alabama (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Willett, Kyle W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-09-16
- Volume
- 435
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2835-2860
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2023037133
- Cited by
- 659
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 16.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0941610, PP00P2_138979, NCC5-626)
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NCC5626)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Princeton University
- Ohio State University
- California Institute of Technology
- University of Washington
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Pittsburgh
- Case Western Reserve University
- Drexel University
- Universität Basel
- University of Portsmouth
- New Mexico State University
- Leverhulme Trust
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (PP00P2 138979/1, PP00P2, 138979)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/H007156/1, ST/J500665/1, ST/J001465/1, ST/K00090X/1, K00090X/1, ST/I001212/1)
- U.S. Naval Observatory
- Fermilab
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Galaxy Zoo 2, galaxy morphology, citizen science, visual categorization, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, SDSS Stripe 82, galaxy bulges, bars, spiral arms, edge-on disk
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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