The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Differential incretin effects of GIP and GLP-1 on gastric emptying, appetite, and insulin-glucose homeostasis: Incretins, gastric emptying and metabolic control
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are major incretins with important effects on glucoregulatory functions. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of GIP and GLP-1 on gastric emptying and appetite after a mixed meal, and effects on insulin secretion and glucose disposal in humans. METHODS: Randomized crossover single-blind study in 17 healthy volunteers receiving GIP (2 or 5 pmol kg(-1) min(-1), n = 8), GLP-1 (0.75 pmol kg(-1) min(-1), n = 9) or NaCl for 180 min with a radionuclide-labeled omelette and fruit punch (370 kcal). Outcome measures were gastric emptying rate, insulinogenic index, hunger, satiety, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption. Blood was analyzed for GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, C-peptide, peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin. KEY RESULTS: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 2 and 5 pmol kg(-1) min(-1) decreased gastric half-emptying time from 128.5 ± 34.0 min in controls to 93.3 ± 6.3 and 85.2 ± 11.0 min (P < 0.05). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 5 pmol kg(-1) min(-1) decreased postprandial glucose (P < 0.001) and insulin (P < 0.05) with increased insulinogenic index. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide had no effects on hunger, desire to eat, satiety or prospective consumption. Glucagon-like peptide-1 0.75 pmol kg(-1) min(-1) increased half-emptying time from 76.6 ± 7.6 min to 329.4 ± 71.6 (P < 0.01). Glucagon-like peptide-1 decreased plasma glucose and insulin (both P < 0.05-0.001), and increased insulinogenic index markedly. Hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption were decreased (P < 0.05), and satiety borderline increased (P < 0.06). CONCLUSION & INFERENCES: The incretin effect of GIP and GLP-1 differs as GLP-1 exerts a strong glucoregulatory incretin through inhibition of gastric emptying, which GIP does not. Thus, GLP-1 as incretin mimetic may offer unique benefits in terms of weight loss in treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“GLP-1 can slow down gastric emptying through its effects on smooth muscles and the nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract.264,268”
From Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy (2024) · cites this paper as [264]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“GLP-1 suppresses glucagon secretion and has extrahepatic effects such as slowing gastric emptying and suppressing appetite signaling in the brain.16,17”
From Tirzepatide: Clinical review of the twincretin injectable (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Native GIP mimicking postprandial GIP blood levels and GIPRAs did not reveal any relevant effects on GE. 3,[13][14][15]”
From The novel dual glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 ( GLP ‐1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long‐acting GLP ‐1 receptor agonists (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Glucagon-like peptide-1 7–36: a physiological incretin in man
Kreymann, B., Ghatei, M. A., Williams, G., & Bloom, S. R. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91194-9 · Cited by 1,928
Buse, J. B., Henry, R. R., Han, J., Kim, D. D., Fineman, M. S., Baron, A. D., & for the Exenatide-113 Clinical Study Group (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2628 · Cited by 1,346
Zander, M., Madsbad, S., Madsen, J. L., & Holst, J. J. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07952-7 · Cited by 1,297
Self-citationNauck, M. A., Kleine, N., �rskov, C., Holst, J. J., Willms, B., & Creutzfeldt, W. (1993) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00401145 · Cited by 1,092
Self-citationEng, J., Kleinman, W. A., Singh, L., Singh, G., & Raufman, J. P. (1992) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42531-8 · Cited by 1,000
Tissue and Plasma Concentrations of Amidated and Glycine-Extended Glucagon-Like Peptide I in Humans
Ørskov, C., Rabenhøj, L., Wettergren, A., Kofod, H., & Holst, J. J. (1994) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.43.4.535 · Cited by 916
Self-citationGutniak, M., Ørkov, C., Holst, J. J., Ahrén, B., & Efendić, S. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199205143262003 · Cited by 868
Self-citationSTIMULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION BY GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE IN MAN. 1
Dupre, J., Ross, S. A., Watson, D., & Brown, J. C. (1973) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-37-5-826 · Cited by 860
Nauck, M. A., Niedereichholz, U., Ettler, R., Holst, J. J., Ørskov, C., Ritzel, R. A., & Schmiegel, W. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.5.e981 · Cited by 834
Self-citationTruncated GLP-1 (proglucagon 78?107-amide) inhibits gastric and pancreatic functions in man
Wettergren, A., Schjoldager, B., Mortensen, P. E., Myhre, J., Christiansen, J., & Holst, J. J. (1993) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01316798 · Cited by 670
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–164 of 164
No Change in Serum Incretins Levels but Rise of Leptin Levels After Smoking Cessation: a Pilot Study
Pánková, A., Králíková, E., Kaválková, P., STEPANKOVA, L., Zvolská, K., & Haluzı́k, M. (2016) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933154 · Cited by 12
Bosch, R., Petrone, M., Arends, R., Vicini, P., Sijbrands, E. J. G., Hoefman, S., & Snelder, N. (2021) · CPT Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/psp4.12752 · Cited by 11
Hellström, P. M., Smithson, A., Stowell, G. W., Greene, S. F., Kenny, E., D'Amico, C., Leone‐Bay, A., Baughman, R., GRANT, M. L., & Richardson, P. C. (2012) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2012.08.009 · Cited by 11
Self-citationEarly growth and postprandial appetite regulatory hormone responses
Perälä, M.-M., Kajantie, E., Valsta, L. M., Holst, J. J., Leiviskä, J., & Eriksson, J. G. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513000950 · Cited by 11
Self-citationAgreement between fingertip-capillary and antecubital-venous appetite-related peptides
Green, B. P., Gonzalez, J. T., Thomas, K., Stevenson, E., & Rumbold, P. L. S. (2014) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-14-0110 · Cited by 11
Nutrient yield from starch in pigs : consequences for energy balance and meal patterns
van Erp, R. J. J. (2019) · doi:10.18174/495349 · Cited by 11
Prior, S. L., Churm, R., Min, T., Dunseath, G. J., Barry, J. D., & Stephens, J. W. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-04457-9 · Cited by 10
Effect of exercise on food consumption and appetite sensations in subjects with diabetes
Dubé, M., Tremblay, A., Lavoie, C., & Weisnagel, S. J. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.023 · Cited by 10
Newmire, D. E., Rivas, E., Deemer, S. E., Willoughby, D. S., & Ben‐Ezra, V. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112650 · Cited by 9
Haldar, S., Lim, J. C. L., Chia, S. C., Ponnalagu, S., & Henry, C. J. (2018) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods7040047 · Cited by 8
Mussels as sustainable marine resources for bioactive peptides for health and the food industry
Suryaningtyas, I. T., Jasmadi, Dayarathne, L. A., Marasinghe, C. K., & Je, J. (2025) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d4fo05397d · Cited by 7
Patel, R., Kokori, E., Olatunji, G. D., Adejumo, F. A., Ukah, J. D., Babalola, A. E., Ndakotsu, A., Abraham, I. C., & Aderinto, N. (2025) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-025-00704-1 · Cited by 7
New avenues for the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes: An update
Cuny, T., Guerci, B., & Cariou, B. (2012) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2012.09.002 · Cited by 7
Zambrano-Villacres, R., Campuzano-Donoso, M., Reytor-González, C., Rossetti, G., Cobellis, L., Cobellis, F., Pilone, V., Simancas‐Racines, D., & Schiavo, L. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18111751 · Cited by 7
Vitaglione, P., Zingone, F., Virgilio, N., & Ciacci, C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010082 · Cited by 6
Adeniran, O. F., Nieto, L. M., Amadi, C., Shepherd, K., Kirkpatrick, J., Farah, K., Marwizi, F. M., Alqinai, B., Narvaez, S. I., Mensah, S., et al. (2025) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.70001 · Cited by 6
Korus, S., Cembrowska-Lech, D., Kłoda, K., & Stachowska, E. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-07702-4 · Cited by 5
The Role of Insulin Resistance in Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome
Xiao, J., Song, W. L., Huang, Y., He, X., Weng, Y., & Yu, H. (2025) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000001048 · Cited by 5
Keel, P. K., Bodell, L. P., Ali, S. I., Starkey, A. G., Trotta, J., Luxama, J. W., Halfhide, C., Hill, N. G., Appelbaum, J., & Williams, D. L. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/66554 · Cited by 5
Liu, S., Hung, H.-I., Yang, T., Pan, C., & Chiang, M. (2021) · Journal of Food and Drug Analysis · doi:10.38212/2224-6614.1181 · Cited by 4
Javidi, D. J., Webb, D., Tartera, H. O. D., Ud‐din, M., Elias, K., Sundbom, M., & Hellström, P. M. (2025) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.70163 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSimancas‐Racines, D., Campuzano-Donoso, M., Rossetti, G., Cobellis, L., Pilone, V., Fascì-Spurio, F., Gavilanes, D. J., Soria, C., Reytor-González, C., & Schiavo, L. (2026) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2026.100290 · Cited by 3
Therapeutic strategies, consequences and prospects of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists
Bobok, N. M. (2025) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.21.3.2025.1544 · Cited by 3
Serotonin and feeding regulation
Leslie, M. R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813323-1.00013-x · Cited by 3
Harray, A. J., Binkowski, S., Keating, B., Horowitz, M., Standfield, S., Smith, G. J., Paramalingam, N., Jones, T. W., King, B. R., Smart, C. E., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab614 · Cited by 4
Wilbaux, M., Wölnerhanssen, B. K., Meyer‐Gerspach, A. C., Beglinger, C., & Pfister, M. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00369.2016 · Cited by 3
Rachmiel, M., Ben-Yehudah, G., Shirin, H., & Broide, E. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/1756284819842756 · Cited by 3
Almohammad, A. A., Aldossari, S. K., Sukumbaji, Z. A., Faden, R. A., Almutairi, M. A., Al-Harbi, N. H., Al-Saaib, M. Y., Almarshedy, B., Alharabi, E., Alhazri, W. A., et al. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.95792 · Cited by 2
Incretin-Based Therapies: A Novel Pathway in Addiction Treatment
Rosiejka, D., Joanna, M., Marcickiewicz, J., Bogdańska, A., Błażejewska, W., & Szulińska, M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15041613 · Cited by 2
Asada, K., Tsujimoto, Y., Hoshino, Y., Tomiki, M., Sekiguchi, K., Yamashiro, K., & Nishimura, R. (2026) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.7186-26 · Cited by 2
Safety of native glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in humans
Helsted, M. M., Schaltz, N. L., Gasbjerg, L. S., Christensen, M., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K. (2024) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171214 · Cited by 2
Zaman, V., Matzelle, D. D., Banik, N. L., & Haque, A. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14020124 · Cited by 2
Lei, W. S., Chen, X., Zhao, L., Daley, T. C., Phillips, B., Rickels, M. R., Kelly, A. T., & Kindler, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2025.100392 · Cited by 3
Kim, J. H., Lee, J. O., Moon, J. W., Kang, M. J., Byun, W. S., Han, J. A., Kim, S. J., Park, S. H., & Kim, H. S. (2020) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x20901409 · Cited by 2
The role of incretins in gestational diabetes: a case-control study on the impact of obesity
Yurtçu, E., Keyif, B., Yılmaz, G., Erkılınç, S., Akkaya, H., & Ozgu-Erdinc, A. S. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01483-w · Cited by 3
Beitsaeed, P., Moarefian, A., Shahinfar, H., & Rahideh, S. T. (2026) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2026.103451 · Cited by 1
Weight Regain Following Bariatric Surgery and Revisional Surgery
Weber, C. E., & Chand, B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75841-1_12 · Cited by 1
Delayed Gastric Emptying After Pancreatic Surgery: A Review
(2018) · doi:10.29011/2575-9760.001177 · Cited by 1
Olivera‐Nappa, Á., Contreras, S., Tevy, M. F., Medina-Ortiz, D., Leschot, A., Pilar Vigil, P., & Conca, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.831696 · Cited by 1
Egg Consumption for Appetite Control and Body Weight Regulation
Son, M., Wang, X., & Wu, J. (2019) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781788013833-00040 · Cited by 1
Ando, T., Higuchi, M., & Tanaka, S. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102267 · Cited by 1
Gastric emptying in humans; carbohydrate ingestion, gastrointestinal hormones and genetic variation
Yau, M. W. A. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32435778 · Cited by 1
Kheder, M. H. (2018) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.122879 · Cited by 1
Bariatric Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Japan
Mori, J., Sato, Y., Ishii, H., & Komatsu, M. (2011) · SOAR (Shinshu University) · doi:10.11441/shinshumedj.59.273
Bariatric Surgery on Obese Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Mori, J.-I., Sato, Y., & Komatsu, M. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/33002
Perälä, M.-M. (2014) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Glucose metabolism in the critically ill.
Deane, A. (2012) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)
Appetite and metabolic responses to acute and moderate-term dairy snack consumption in young people
Green, B. (2015) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)
Marathe, C. S. (2016) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)
Ileal Fatty Acid Sensing Mechanisms Regulate Glucose Homeostasis In Vivo
Zadeh‐Tahmasebi, M. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Vascular Adverse Events Associated with Sitagliptin Agent in Taiwan: A Drug Evaluation Report
Yen, Y.-H. (2018) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2018.02.000815
What Next After Metformin? Guidelines and Indian Context
Hb, C. (2017) · Current Research in Diabetes & Obesity Journal · doi:10.19080/crdoj.2017.05.555658
Risolia, L. W. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.10.2021.tde-13122021-165956
OVERVIEW OF GLP-1 AND ITS PHYSIOLOGY
(2023) · International Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Allied Sciences · doi:10.31032/ijbpas/2023/12.6.1057
Isolation of GLP-1 enhancing indolizidine alkaloids from Boehmeria formosana
Lu, C.-Y., Huang, Z.-Y., Chen, M., Liu, H., Lee, S., & Chang, C. (2023) · Journal of Food and Drug Analysis · doi:10.38212/2224-6614.3483
Krishnan, G., Bagath, M., Devaraj, C., & Soren, N. M. (2024) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114602
Hellström, P. M., Javidi, D. J., Webb, D., Tartera, H. O. D., Ud‐din, M., Elias, K., & Sundbom, M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5313085/v1
Self-citationKim, H. J., Lee, J. H., Park, J. S., Park, J. J., Lee, H. W., Bunch, H., Seong, S. J., Gwon, M., & Yoon, Y. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15070484
A Neural Network Method for Assessing the Nutritional Requirements of a Patient With Type 2 Diabetes
Mwakalu, S. M., Omwenga, V. O., & Ogao, P. J. (2025) · Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing · doi:10.1155/acis/9955073
Toxicological evaluation of fatty acids
Mushtaq, A., Gohar, U. F., Shah, H. S., & Zia-Ul-Haq, M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33296-8.00012-5
Exploring short-chain fatty acids: Sources, metabolism, and immunomodulatory roles
Ranjan, A., Binesh, A., Venkatachalam, K., & Kalaiselvan, P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33296-8.00031-9
Lin, A., Kitaura, H., Ma, J., Ohori, F., Marahleh, A., Kanou, K., Narita, K., Fan, Z., Murakami, K., & KANETAKA, H. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27010199
Virgilio, N., Schön, C., Steiner, N., Schlageter, V., Wilhelm, M., Silva, C. I. F., Gevaert, E., & Prawitt, J. (2026) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2026.109512
Shi, H., Sieusahai, J., Kamel, M., Wong, C. K. W., Mason, A., Younossi, Z. M., Corpechot, C., Grunvald, E. L., Troshyn, O., Galli, A., et al. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18213592
Metadata
- Authors
- Edholm, T., Degerblad, M., Grybäck, P., Hilsted, L., Holst, J. J., Jacobsson, H., Efendic, S., Schmidt, P. T., & Hellström, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Hellström, P. M.
- Venue
- Neurogastroenterology & Motility
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-06-24
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1191-e315
- ISSN
- 1350-1925 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1589619385
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 7.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurogastroenterology & Motility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Stockholms Läns Landsting
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Uppsala Universitet
- Landstinget i Uppsala län
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- glucagon-like peptide-1, incretins, gastric emptying, appetite, insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, postprandial blood glucose, insulinogenic index, satiety, hunger, mixed meal, peptide YY, ghrelin, glucagon, C-peptide, food intake regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Appetite, Blood Glucose, C-Peptide, Double-Blind Method, Female, Gastric Emptying, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Glucagon, Homeostasis, Humans, Hunger, Immunoassay, Insulin, Male, Satiety Response, Cross-Over Studies, Peptide YY, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Ghrelin, Incretins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
