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Cited by 12Diabetes Treatment and ManagementPharmacology and Obesity TreatmentDiabetes Management and Research

Tirzepatide: Clinical review of the twincretin injectable

Krauss, Zach, Hintz, Alexandra, Fisk, Rebecca·2023·American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
DOI 10.1093/ajhp/zxad080
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Abstract

PURPOSE: To provide an overview of the safety and efficacy, pharmacology, dosing, place in therapy, and clinical trials for tirzepatide, a novel glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) agonist for treatment of type 2 diabetes. SUMMARY: Diabetes is a chronic disease state with a high burden on healthcare spending and patient quality of life. Incretin-influencing agents such as GLP-1 receptor agonists have gained favor as diabetes therapeutic options due to their impact on multiple glycemic factors as well as resulting weight loss and cardiovascular benefits. Tirzepatide was approved in 2022 for the management of type 2 diabetes and utilizes GLP-1 receptor agonism along with GIP agonism to simultaneously address 2 incretin pathways. Thus far, the SURPASS and SURMOUNT trials, for which findings have been published, have shown great efficacy of tirzepatide in glycosylated hemoglobin and weight reduction in multiple subgroup populations with and without diabetes. Tirzepatide has similar gastrointestinal adverse reactions and contraindications as traditional GLP-1 receptor agonists. CONCLUSION: Tirzepatide is a novel agent on the market for type 2 diabetes management that offers targeting of a familiar pathway along with the new GIP pathway to address glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Tirzepatide is approved for use in patients with diabetes and may serve as a strong option for patients requiring improved glycemic and weight control.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ajhp/zxad080

Cites

42 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 1 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

23 of 97 cited sources checked · 14 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    GIP receptor agonists have beneficial effects on weight loss in rodent studies.

    “GIP receptor agonists have not yet been studied as a single-mechanism agent in humans but have been shown to have beneficial effects on weight loss in rodent studies.13,14”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [13] Mroz, 2019, Optimized GIP analogs promote body weight lowering in mice through GIPR agonism not antagonism, Mol Metab source
    • cites [14] Zhang, 2021, The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) regulates body weight and food intake via CNS-GIPR signaling, Cell Metab source
  • Premisecitation

    The SUSTAIN-6 trial demonstrated that semaglutide reduced cardiovascular risk compared to placebo.

    “The SUSTAIN-6 trial is another example in which semaglutide was compared to placebo and was demonstrated to result in reduced cardiovascular risk.8”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Marso, 2016, Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med source
  • Premisecitation

    The LEADER trial demonstrated that liraglutide reduced cardiovascular risk.

    “Liraglutide was also demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular risk in the LEADER trial.9”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Marso, 2016, Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med source
  • Premisecitation

    Recent research has demonstrated that it is possible to reverse GIP resistance.

    “recent research has demonstrated that it is possible to reverse GIP resistance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Fisman, 2021, The dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide: a novel cardiometabolic therapeutic prospect, Cardiovasc Diabetol source
    • cites [19] Kim, 2008, The role of incretins in glucose homeostasis and diabetes treatment, Pharmacol Rev source
  • Premisecitation

    SGLT-2 inhibitors have benefits in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease, regardless of the presence of diabetes.

    “Clinical trials, such as EMPEROR-REDUCED (empagliflozin) and DAPA-CKD (dapagliflozin), have shown that SGLT-2 inhibitors have benefits in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease, regardless of the presence of diabetes.38,39”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] Heerspink, 2020, Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease, N Engl J Med source
    • cites [39] Packer, 2020, Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure, N Engl J Med source
  • May combine two claims. 18
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 3
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GLP-1 receptor agonists have significant benefits in weight reduction and can lower the risk of major cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, hospital admission for heart failure, and worsening kidney function.

    “GLP-1 receptor agonists have been demonstrated to have significant benefits in weight reduction and can also lower the risk of major cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, hospital admission for heart failure, and worsening kidney function.4,5”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Sattar, 2021, Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source

      The Added value of this study and Results sections (pages not given) report reduced major cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, heart-failure hospitalisation, and a composite kidney outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes. The Introduction says GLP-1 receptor agonists “variably lower weight,” but does not establish the claimed significant weight-reduction benefit. The narrower worsening-kidney-function outcome became nominally significant only in a sensitivity analysis excluding ELIXA. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [5] Lazzaroni, 2021, Anti-diabetic drugs and weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes, Pharmacol Res source

      The Conclusions (page unavailable) identify GLP-1 receptor agonists as the anti-diabetic drug class with the greatest weight-reduction benefit. A passage in Additional information (page unavailable) also describes reduced cardiovascular risk and mortality, but the copy does not establish the specific claims about major cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, heart-failure admissions, or worsening kidney function. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GLP-1 suppresses glucagon secretion and has extrahepatic effects such as slowing gastric emptying and suppressing appetite signaling in the brain.

    “GLP-1 suppresses glucagon secretion and has extrahepatic effects such as slowing gastric emptying and suppressing appetite signaling in the brain.16,17”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [16] Edholm, 2010, Differential incretin effects of GIP and GLP-1 on gastric emptying, appetite, and insulin-glucose homeostasis, Neurogastroenterol Motil source

      The Discussion reports that GLP-1 slowed gastric emptying and that the delay reduced plasma pancreatic glucagon levels; it does not establish direct suppression of glucagon secretion. It also reports reduced hunger and desire to eat, but explicitly says the study cannot determine whether these effects involve the central nervous system. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [17] Nauck, 2021, The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: a pathophysiological update, Diabetes Obes Metab source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Reversing GIP resistance while enhancing GLP-1 effects is thought to bolster the incretin effect more than GLP-1 receptor agonism alone and create synergistic effects on glucose control.

    “Reversing GIP resistance while simultaneously enhancing the effects of GLP-1 is thought to bolster the previously described incretin effect even more than GLP-1 receptor agonism alone and create synergistic effects on glucose control”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Fisman, 2021, The dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide: a novel cardiometabolic therapeutic prospect, Cardiovasc Diabetol source
    • cites [19] Kim, 2008, The role of incretins in glucose homeostasis and diabetes treatment, Pharmacol Rev source

      Section V.B reports additive effects of GLP-1 and GIP on insulin secretion in β-cell lines, but only at submaximal concentrations. Section VI.A raises the possibility that stimulating both receptors might benefit people with type 2 diabetes. Neither passage establishes that reversing GIP resistance produces synergistic glucose control or improves the incretin effect more than GLP-1 receptor agonism alone; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GIP minimizes insulin resistance by preventing excess storage of lipids and increasing the sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin.

    “GIP also has beneficial effects such as minimizing insulin resistance by preventing excess storage of lipids and increasing the sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin.18”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Fisman, 2021, The dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide: a novel cardiometabolic therapeutic prospect, Cardiovasc Diabetol source

      The ‘Effects on lipid profile’ section (page unavailable) reports improved insulin sensitivity with tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist. It does not attribute that improvement to GIP alone or say that GIP prevents excess lipid storage or increases adipose-tissue insulin sensitivity. The Background instead describes GIP activity as mainly pancreatic. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Tirzepatide has similar gastrointestinal adverse reactions and contraindications as traditional GLP-1 receptor agonists.

    “Tirzepatide has similar gastrointestinal adverse reactions and contraindications as traditional GLP-1 receptor agonists.”
    • Also stated in: § Safety profile · hedged
      “The incidence of GI adverse effects with tirzepatide appears to be similar to the GI adverse effects reported by patients in clinical trials for GLP-1 receptor agonists.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The REWIND trial highlighted the cardiovascular benefits of dulaglutide over multiple years.

    “the REWIND trial highlighted the cardiovascular benefits of dulaglutide over multiple years.6,7”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Tuttle, 2018, Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
    • cites [7] Gerstein, 2019, Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tirzepatide is excreted in the urine and feces but only as metabolites.

    “Tirzepatide is excreted in the urine and feces but is only excreted as metabolites.12,20”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] 2022, Tirzepatide.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [20] 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The incretin effect is thought to be responsible for up to two-thirds of insulin release in response to a meal.

    “The incretin effect is thought to be responsible for up to two-thirds of insulin release in response to a meal.15”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Holst, 2004, Role of incretin hormones in the regulation of insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic humans, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In patients with T2DM, production of GLP-1 is reduced while GIP levels remain steady.

    “In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), production of GLP-1 is reduced while GIP levels remain steady.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Holst, 2004, Role of incretin hormones in the regulation of insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic humans, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SURPASS-3 showed that the risk of hypoglycemia was lower with tirzepatide, but a substantially higher frequency of GI adverse effects was observed.

    “The risk of hypoglycemia was lower with tirzepatide, but a substantially higher frequency of GI adverse effects was observed”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Ludvik, 2021, Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial, Lancet source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SURPASS-3 showed that all 3 doses of tirzepatide decreased body weight compared to insulin degludec, which led to an average increase in body weight of 2.3 kg.

    “Ranging from -7.5 kg to -12.9 kg, all 3 doses of tirzepatide decreased body weight compared to insulin degludec, which led to an average increase in body weight of 2.3 kg.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Ludvik, 2021, Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial, Lancet source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    In patients with uncontrolled diabetes on metformin with or without SGLT-2 inhibitor, tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg were noninferior to insulin degludec for mean change from baseline HbA1c at 52 weeks.

    “The primary endpoint for this study was noninferiority to insulin degludec for the 10-and 15-mg doses of tirzepatide, specifically with respect to the mean change from baseline HbA 1c at 52 weeks.23”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Ludvik, 2021, Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial, Lancet source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The incidence of GI adverse effects with tirzepatide is high, especially compared to SGLT-2 inhibitors.

    “While the incidence of GI adverse effects is high, especially when compared to other diabetes medications such as the generally well-tolerated SGLT-2 inhibitors”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [20] 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [21] Rosenstock, 2021, Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial, Lancet source
    • cites [22] Frías, 2021, Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SURMOUNT-1 showed that weight reduction of 5% or more occurred in 35% of placebo patients versus 85%, 89%, and 91% of patients receiving tirzepatide 5, 10, and 15 mg.

    “the placebo group had a weight reduction of 5% or more in only 35% of patients (95% CI, 30% to 39%), and while each respective dosing group of tirzepatide (5, 10, and 15 mg) had a weight reduction of at least 5% in 85% (95% CI, 82% to 89%), 89% (95% CI, 86% to 92%), and 91% (95% CI, 88% to 94%) of patients.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Jastreboff, 2022, Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity, N Engl J Med source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The wholesale acquisition cost (WAC) and average wholesale price (AWP) of tirzepatide, as listed in Redbook, are currently $974.33 and $1,169.20, respectively.

    “The medication's wholesale acquisition cost (WAC) and average wholesale price (AWP), as listed in Redbook, are currently $974.33 and $1,169.20,respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Redbook

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In SURMOUNT-1, patients experienced weight reduction of -15% in the 5-mg tirzepatide group, -19.5% in the 10-mg group, and -20.9% in the 15-mg group.

    “As noted above for SURMOUNT-1, patients experienced weight reduction of -15% in the 5-mg tirzepatide group, -19.5% in the 10-mg group, and -20.9% in the 15-mg group.27”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Jastreboff, 2022, Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity, N Engl J Med source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Tirzepatide is superior to metformin monotherapy, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, and two different basal insulins in HbA1c and weight reduction.

    “The medication has been shown to be superior in the areas of HbA 1c and weight reduction when compared to many standards of therapy in diabetes care such as metformin monotherapy, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, and 2 different basal insulins.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    In patients with increased cardiovascular risk on metformin with or without sulfonylurea or SGLT-2 inhibitor, tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg were noninferior to insulin glargine for HbA1c change at 52 weeks.

    “The primary endpoint was once again noninferiority for the 2 highest doses of tirzepatide compared to insulin glargine when considering HbA 1c change at 52 weeks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Del Prato, 2021, Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial, Lancet source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the SURPASS-2 trial, all differences in HbA1c reduction between tirzepatide and semaglutide groups were less than 0.5%, with the lowest dose having a measured difference of -0.015%.

    “For example, in the SURPASS-2 trial, while statistical significance was found, all differences in HbA 1c reduction between the 2 groups were less than 0.5%, with the lowest dose having a measured difference of -0.015%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Frías, 2021, Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The WAC and AWP of other GLP-1 receptor agonists for a 30-day supply are: liraglutide $709.74 and $851.69 for the 1.2-mg dose; semaglutide $892.06 and $1,070.47 for all doses; dulaglutide $886.56 and $1,065.87 for all doses.

    “These costs can be compared to the WAC and AWP of other GLP-1 receptor agonists for a 30-day supply, including for liraglutide ($709.74 and $851.69 for the 1.2-mg dose), semaglutide ($892.06 and $1,070.47 for all doses), and dulaglutide ($886.56 and $1,065.87 for all doses).46”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Tirzepatide, 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Tirzepatide has been demonstrated in clinical trials to result in superior HbA1c and weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes, when compared to placebo as well as other current standard therapies such as metformin, semaglutide, and insulin glargine.

    “Using a novel mechanism of action that synergistically agonizes both GLP-1 and GIP incretin hormones, tirzepatide has been demonstrated in clinical trials to result in superior HbA 1c and weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes, when compared to placebo as well as other current standard therapies for diabetes management such as metformin, semaglutide, and insulin glargine.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Weight reduction with the lowest studied dose of tirzepatide exceeds that demonstrated with the highest dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonists currently indicated for weight loss in patients without diabetes.

    “For example, weight reduction with the lowest studied dose of tirzepatide exceeds that demonstrated with the highest dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonists currently indicated for weight loss in patients without diabetes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors have proven to be effective for glucose control, weight loss, and cardiorenal protection in patients with type 2 diabetes.

    “These agents have proven to be effective, not only for glucose control, but also for additional pertinent considerations in patients with type 2 diabetes, such as weight loss and cardiorenal protection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
23 of 23

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Tirzepatide was approved in 2022 for the management of type 2 diabetes.

    “Tirzepatide was approved in 2022 for the management of type 2 diabetes”
    “Tirzepatide, a GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist, is a novel agent for use in type 2 diabetes therapeutics that received Food and Drug Administration approval in the spring of 2022.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    GIP receptor agonists have not yet been studied as a single-mechanism agent in humans.

    “GIP receptor agonists have not yet been studied as a single-mechanism agent in humans”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many payor plans either exclude tirzepatide or require prior authorization to encourage use of GLP-1 receptor agonists before tirzepatide.

    “Utilization criteria from major payors are beginning to be developed, but many plans either exclude tirzepatide or require prior authorization to encourage use of GLP-1 receptor agonists before tirzepatide.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No pharmacoeconomic studies have been published on tirzepatide.

    “No pharmacoeconomic studies have been published on tirzepatide.”
4 of 4

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • SURPASS-2 confidence interval conflicts with its superiority P value

    Major

    The stated 95% confidence interval for the 5-mg treatment difference includes zero, whereas the same comparison is described as superior with P = 0.02. Those results do not agree for a two-sided test of a difference from zero.

  • SURPASS-2 low-dose treatment difference changes tenfold

    Minor

    The SURPASS-2 results give the 5-mg treatment difference as -0.15%, but the later discussion calls the lowest-dose difference -0.015%.

  • SURPASS-2 enrollment count differs between text and table

    Minor

    The prose reports 1,878 patients randomized in SURPASS-2, while Table 1 lists 1,879 enrollees for that trial.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. 2022, Tirzepatide.
  2. 2022, Mounjaro subcutaneous injection, tirzepatide subcutaneous injection
  3. Tirzepatide, 2022, Micromedex Red Book [proprietary data]

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Krauss, Z., Hintz, A., & Fisk, R.
Affiliations
  • Cedarville University (US)
  • Trinity Health Grand Rapids (US)
Corresponding author
Krauss, Zach
Venue
American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2023-04-18
Volume
80
Issue
14
Pages
879-888
ISSN
  • 1079-2082 (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-2900
DOI
10.1093/ajhp/zxad080
OpenAlex
W4366236428
Semantic Scholar
90c78479a9b99c3d6d4d0fc3530b4be99b23496d
Cited by
12
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2
FWCI
0.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
Locations
  • American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
tirzepatide, type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 receptor agonists, GIP receptor agonist, glycemic control, weight loss, SURPASS trials, drug safety, dosage
MeSH terms
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Tirzepatide, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Quality of Life, Incretins

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