Antidiabetogenic effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7–36)amide in normal subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus
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BACKGROUND: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide, or GLIP) is a gastrointestinal peptide that potentiates the release of insulin in physiologic concentrations. Its effects in patients with diabetes mellitus are not known. METHODS: We compared the effect of an infusion of GLIP that raised plasma concentrations of GLIP twofold with the effect of an infusion of saline, on the meal-related release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin in eight normal subjects, nine obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and eight patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The blood glucose concentrations in the patients with diabetes were controlled by a closed-loop insulin-infusion system (artificial pancreas) during the infusion of each agent, allowing measurement of the meal-related requirement for exogenous insulin. In the patients with IDDM, normoglycemic-clamp studies were performed during the infusions of GLIP and saline to determine the effect of GLIP on insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: In the normal subjects, the infusion of GLIP significantly lowered the meal-related increases in the blood glucose concentration (P less than 0.01) and the plasma concentrations of insulin and glucagon (P less than 0.05 for both comparisons). The insulinogenic index (the ratio of insulin to glucose) increased almost 10-fold, indicating that GLIP had an insulinotropic effect. In the patients with NIDDM, the infusion of GLIP reduced the mean (+/- SE) calculated isoglycemic meal-related requirement for insulin from 17.4 +/- 2.8 to 2.0 +/- 0.5 U (P less than 0.001), so that the integrated area under the curve for plasma free insulin was decreased (P less than 0.05) in spite of the stimulation of insulin release. In the patients with IDDM, the GLIP infusion decreased the calculated isoglycemic meal-related insulin requirement from 9.4 +/- 1.5 to 4.7 +/- 1.4 U. The peptide decreased glucagon and somatostatin release in both groups of patients. In the normoglycemic-clamp studies in the patients with IDDM, the GLIP infusion significantly increased glucose utilization (saline vs. GLIP, 7.2 +/- 0.5 vs. 8.6 +/- 0.4 mg per kilogram of body weight per minute; P less than 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: GLIP has an antidiabetogenic effect, and it may therefore be useful in the treatment of patients with NIDDM:
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GLP-1 is a 30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone secreted by the intestinal tract that potentiates insulin release and reduces glucagon concentration in physiological conditions.
“GLP-1, a 30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone, is a gastrointestinal peptide secreted by the intestinal tract that potentiates insulin release and reduces glucagon’s concentration in physiological conditions (15, 16).”
From GLP−1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity: Role as a promising approach (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
GLP-1 and GIP collaborate to increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity.
“Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) have been heavily investigated due to their clinical application in T2DM; they collaborate to increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity [67,68].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [67]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Gutniak, M., Ørkov, C., Holst, J. J., Ahrén, B., & Efendić, S.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- ORCID
- Holst, Jens J.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1992-05-14
- Volume
- 326
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1316-1322
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2000465889
- Cited by
- 868
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 21.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide, GLIP, antidiabetic effect, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, glucagon, somatostatin, insulin requirement, glucose utilization, insulinotropic effect, artificial pancreas
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, C-Peptide, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Eating, Glucagon-Like Peptides, Female, Glucagon, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Infusion Systems, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Peptide Fragments, Peptides, Somatostatin, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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