The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tobacco smoking behaviors in bipolar disorder: a comparison of the general population, schizophrenia, and major depression
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study compared the prevalence of tobacco smoking behaviors in patients with bipolar disorder with normal and psychiatric (schizophrenia and major depression) controls. The main goal was to establish that bipolar patients smoke more than normal controls. Differences with psychiatric controls were explored. METHODS: Samples of 424 patients (99 bipolar, 258 schizophrenia and 67 major depression) and 402 volunteer controls were collected in Central Kentucky. Smoking data for Kentucky's general population were available. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to establish the strength of associations. Logistic regression was used to adjust ORs for confounding variables. RESULTS: Using epidemiological definitions of smoking behaviors and the general population as controls provided bipolar disorder unadjusted ORs of 5.0 (95% CI: 3.3-7.8) for current cigarette smoking, 2.6 (95% CI: 1.7-4.4) for ever cigarette smoking, and 0.13 (95% CI: 0.03-0.24) for smoking cessation. Using a clinical definition and volunteers as controls provided respective bipolar disorder adjusted ORs of 7.3 (95% CI: 4.3-12.4), 4.0 (95% CI: 2.4-6.7), and 0.15 (95% CI: 0.06-0.36). Prevalences of current daily smoking for patients with major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia were 57%, 66%, and 74%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar disorder was associated with significantly higher prevalences of tobacco smoking behaviors compared with the general population or volunteer controls, independently of the definition used. It is possible that smoking behaviors in bipolar disorder may have intermediate prevalences between major depression and schizophrenia, but larger samples or a combination of multiple studies (meta-analysis) will be needed to establish whether this hypothesis is correct.
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“A catchment area study from Kentucky reports that the prevalence of everyday current smoking is 66% in people with BD, which is also significantly elevated when compared to the general population, and also exceeds the rate observed in people with major depression and schizophrenia (9).”
From The detrimental effects of smoking on the course and outcome in adults with bipolar disorder—A narrative review (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
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Setting the stage to quit smoking in Bipolar Disorder patients: brief advice in clinical practice
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“The prevalence of smoking in our cohort is lower than that observed in other samples of persons with serious mental illness (McClave, McKnight-Eily, Davis, & Dube, 2010, Lasser et al., 2000, Hughes, Hatsukami, Mitchell, & Dahlgren, 1986; de Leon & Diaz, 2011; Diaz et al., 2009).”
ResultSmoking and psychiatric disorders: Have subthreshold disorders been overlooked?
Landolt, K., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., Angst, J., Merikangas, K. R., Gamma, A., Gutzwiller, F., & Wulf Rössler, A. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq023 · Cited by 11
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“In particular, smoking is highly prevalent among those diagnosed with MIs, despite being a modifiable risk factor for medical comorbidities (Coogle, Zvolensky, Fitch, & SachsEricsson, 2010; Diaz et al., 2009; Heffner, Strawn, DelBello, Strakowski, & Anthenelli, 2011).”
BackgroundOkoli, C. T. C., Al‐Mrayat, Y. D., Shelton, C. I., & Khara, M. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.06.005 · Cited by 10
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“Moreover, patients with both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder appear to have more difficulties with smoking cessation than the general population (de Leon and Diaz, 2005; Baker et al., 2007; Diaz et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialImpact of a prudent lifestyle on the clinical outcomes of older men with bipolar disorder
Almeida, O. P., Hankey, G. J., Yeap, B. B., & Flicker, L. A. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1553233 · Cited by 10
“…Yeap, Golledge, & Flicker, 2018a; Crump et al., 2013) and harmful lifestyle practices (Almeida et al., 2018c; Cassidy, Ahearn, & Carroll, 2001; Diaz et al., 2009; Fiedorowicz, Palagummi, Forman-Hoffman, Miller, & Haynes, 2008; Goldstein et al., 2011; Kilbourne et al., 2007) but, to our…”
Grunze, A., Mosolov, S., Grunze, H., & Born, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1114432 · Cited by 11
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“Epidemiologic data indicate that the individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) are at higher risk for tobacco use compared with healthy individuals (Gonzalez-Pinto et al., 1998), with prevalence rates as high as 66% (Diaz et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBalhara, Y. P. S., Jain, R., Shyam Sundar, A., & Sagar, R. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics · doi:10.4103/0976-500x.83282 · Cited by 9
“We chose subjects with bipolar disorders as a comparison group since high rate of tobacco use among these patients has been a consistent fi nding across studies.[30-34] Adverse impact of smoking on the long term course of bipolar disorders has been demonstrated in prospective cohort studies.”
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“…result in cancer should always be interpreted with special caution, since a strong risk factor for lung cancer is smoking [62], the prevalence of smoking in people with BD doubles that of the general population [52, 53, 63], in addition to early start and the levels of severity, already mentioned.”
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“(Lasser et al. 2000; Waxmonsky et al. 2005; Diaz et al. 2009).”
Sequential behavioral treatment of smoking and weight control in bipolar disorder
Filia, S., Baker, A., Kulkarni, J., & Williams, J. M. (2012) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-012-0111-1 · Cited by 7
“depression, 66% for BPAD, and 74% for schizophrenia, compared to 25% in controls [14].”
ResultSmoking and Mental Illness: Strategies to Increase Screening, Assessment, and Treatment
Ziedonis, D. M., Das, S., & Tonelli, M. E. (2015) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20150008 · Cited by 6
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“The association with smoking is stronger in SCZ and BPD than in depression (Diaz et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPersonality Disorders and Premature Dropout from Psychological Treatment for Smoking Cessation
del Río, E. F., López‐Durán, A., & Becoña, E. (2010) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.106.3.679-684 · Cited by 6
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“The finding of higher tobacco use among BP patients as compared to healthy controls is consistent with other reports (Diaz et al. 2009; Leonard et al. 2001; Itkin et al. 2001).”
ResultGhiasi, F., Farhang, S., Farnam, A., & Safikhanlou, S. (2012) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2012.687765 · Cited by 7
“Tobacco smoking behaviours are consistently found to be more prevalent in individuals with schizophrenia compared to the general population and even other psychiatric groups (8, 9).”
BackgroundMethodEsquizofrenia y dependencia del tabaco: una revisión integradora
de Oliveira, R. M., & Furegato, A. R. F. (2012) · Enfermería Global · doi:10.4321/s1695-61412012000100023 · Cited by 6
“Tobacco smoking behaviors in bipolar disorder: a comparison of the general population, schizophrenia and major depression (2009) (31) 454 pacientes psiquiátricos (99 com transtorno bipolar, 258 esquizofrênicos e 67 com depressão maior) e 402 controles sem transtornos foram investigados quanto ao tabagismo por meio de…”
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Umene‐Nakano, W., Yoshimura, R., Hoshuyama, T., Yoshii, C., Hayashi, K., Nakano, H., Hori, H., Ikenouchi, A., Katsuki, A., Atake, K., et al. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.024 · Cited by 5
“Tobacco smoking is two to three times more common among people with bipolar disorder than among individuals without the disorder (Diaz et al., 2009).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Diaz, F. J., James, D., Botts, S., Maw, L., Susce, M. T., & De Leon, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- ORCID
- Botts, Sheila
- Venue
- Bipolar Disorders
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02-25
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 154-165
- ISSN
- 1398-5647 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-5618
- OpenAlex
- W1979173012
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 14.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Bipolar Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- smoking, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, smoking prevalence, smoking cessation, psychiatric comorbidity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Smoking, Prevalence, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Population Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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