EXERCISE IS GOOD FOR YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE: EFFECTS OF ENDURANCE TRAINING AND RESISTANCE TRAINING
Abstract
SUMMARY: Although several epidemiological studies have not observed significant independent relationships between physical activity or fitness and blood pressure, others have concluded that blood pressure is lower in individuals who are more fit or active. However, longitudinal intervention studies are more appropriate for assessing the effects of physical activity on blood pressure. Previously, we have performed meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials involving dynamic aerobic endurance training or resistance training. Inclusion criteria were: random allocation to intervention and control; physical training as the sole intervention; inclusion of healthy sedentary normotensive and/or hypertensive adults; intervention duration of at least 4 weeks; availability of systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure; and publication in a peer‐reviewed journal up to December 2003. The meta‐analysis on endurance training involved 72 trials and 105 study groups. After weighting for the number of trained participants, training induced significant net reductions of resting and day time ambulatory blood pressure of 3.0/2.4 mmHg (P < 0.001) and 3.3/3.5 mmHg (P < 0.01), respectively. The reduction of resting blood pressure was more pronounced in the 30 hypertensive study groups (‐6.9/‐4.9) than in the others (‐1.9/‐1.6; P < 0.001 for all). Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 7.1% (P < 0.05), plasma noradrenaline by 29% (P < 0.001) and plasma renin activity by 20% (P < 0.05). Bodyweight decreased by 1.2 kg (P < 0.001), waist circumference by 2.8 cm (P < 0.001), percentage body fat by 1.4% (P < 0.001) and the Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) index of insulin resistance by 0.31 units (P < 0.01). High‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol increased by 0.032 mmol/L (P < 0.05). Resistance training has been less well studied. A meta‐analysis of nine randomized controlled trials (12 study groups) on mostly dynamic resistance training revealed a weighted net reduction of diastolic blood pressure of 3.5 mmHg (P < 0.01) associated with exercise and a non‐significant reduction of systolic blood pressure of 3.2 mmHg (P = 0.10). In conclusion, dynamic aerobic endurance training decreases blood pressure through a reduction of systemic vascular resistance, in which the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin system appear to be involved, and favourably affects concomitant cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, the few available data suggest that resistance training is able to reduce blood pressure.
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In a meta-analysis that included assessment of ambulatory BP, in studies lasting 4 to 52 weeks, with physical activity as the only intervention, aerobic exercise reduced BP by 3/2.4 mm Hg.
“In a meta-analysis that included assessment of ambulatory BP 141 it was reported that in studies lasting 4 to 52 weeks, with physical activity as the only intervention, aerobic exercise reduced BP by 3 ⁄ 2.4 mm Hg.”
The effect of aerobic exercise on BP was independent of the estimated weight loss of 1.2 kg.
“The effect on BP was independent of the estimated weight loss of 1.2 kg.”
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- Authors
- Fagard, R.
- Venue
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-08-10
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 853-856
- ISSN
- 0305-1870 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1681
- OpenAlex
- W2059173308
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 27.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- blood pressure, endurance training, resistance training, aerobic exercise, hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, body composition, insulin resistance, HDL cholesterol, physical activity, sedentary adults, cardiovascular risk reduction, weight loss, waist circumference, body fat percentage, HOMA
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Body Weight, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Clinical Trials as Topic, Heart Rate, Humans, Insulin, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Risk Factors, Teaching, Triglycerides, Vascular Resistance, Exercise
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