Cited by 208Marine Invertebrate Physiology and EcologyDevelopmental Biology and Gene RegulationNeurobiology and Insect Physiology Research

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Cnidarians and the evolutionary origin of the nervous system

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Watanabe, Hiroshi, Fujisawa, Toshitaka, Holstein, Thomas W.·2009·Development, Growth & Differentiation

DOI 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01103.x

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Abstract

Cnidarians are widely regarded as one of the first organisms in animal evolution possessing a nervous system. Conventional histological and electrophysiological studies have revealed a considerable degree of complexity of the cnidarian nervous system. Thanks to expressed sequence tags and genome projects and the availability of functional assay systems in cnidarians, this simple nervous system is now genetically accessible and becomes particularly valuable for understanding the origin and evolution of the genetic control mechanisms underlying its development. In the present review, the anatomical and physiological features of the cnidarian nervous system and the interesting parallels in neurodevelopmental mechanisms between Cnidaria and Bilateria are discussed.

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Additional file 4 of Identification of the neuropeptide precursor genes potentially involved in the larval settlement in the Echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus
Hou, X., Qin, Z., Wei, M., Fu, Z., Liu, R., Lu, L., Bai, S., Ma, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13466947
Cnidarian Sleep
Francis, D. A., & Abrams, M. J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62723-1_7
Computational model of primitive nervous system controlling chemotaxis in early multicellular heterotrophsPreprint
Vasilenko, E. O., & Sinitskiy, A. V. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.610546
“Although the distribution of neuron types in even highly symmetric Cnidarians varies significantly along the axis [48], in each of the simulations we simulated a single symmetrical distribution of neurons around the center, and the predator was assumed to be flat. shows how synchronization between…”
Background
Identification of the principal neuropeptide FxFa and its function in larval settlement of the echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus
Lai, W., Zhang, L., Yang, Z. G., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2025) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102862
Is Hydra Axis Definition a Fluctuation-Based Process Picking Up External Cues?
Zhukovsky, M. A., Sung, S.-E., & Ott, A. (2025) · Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.3390/jdb13030024
Additional file 4 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183816
Additional file 11 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183804
Additional file 2 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183810
Additional file 6 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183822
Additional file 10 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183801
Additional file 5 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183819
Additional file 3 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183813
Additional file 9 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183831
Additional file 1 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183807
Additional file 1 of Identification of the neuropeptide precursor genes potentially involved in the larval settlement in the Echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus
Hou, X., Qin, Z., Wei, M., Fu, Z., Liu, R., Lu, L., Bai, S., Ma, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13466941
Additional file 3 of Identification of the neuropeptide precursor genes potentially involved in the larval settlement in the Echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus
Hou, X., Qin, Z., Wei, M., Fu, Z., Liu, R., Lu, L., Bai, S., Ma, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13466945
Additional file 1 of Doublecortin-like kinase is required for cnidocyte development in Nematostella vectensis
Kraus, J. E. M., Busengdal, H., Kraus, Y. A., Hausen, H., & Rentzsch, F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26737911
Additional file 2 of A myxozoan genome reveals mosaic evolution in a parasitic cnidarian
Guo, Q., Atkinson, S. D., Xiao, B., Zhai, Y., Bartholomew, J. L., & Gu, Z. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19194360
Additional file 2 of Identification of the neuropeptide precursor genes potentially involved in the larval settlement in the Echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus
Hou, X., Qin, Z., Wei, M., Fu, Z., Liu, R., Lu, L., Bai, S., Ma, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13466943
Additional file 7 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183825
Additional file 8 of Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H+ transporters in Stylophora pistillata
Capasso, L., Ganot, P., Planas-Bielsa, V., Tambutté, S., & Zoccola, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14183828
Paradoxes in the Ontological Classification of Glia—Evidence for an Important New Class of Brain Cells with Primary Functions in Iron Regulation
Milward, E. A., Hood, R. J., Lin, C.-A., Bettencourt, C., Acquah, E., Brooks, J., Collingwood, J. F., Kagawa, Y., Richardson, S. J., Wu, Y., et al. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15060511
“It is also hard to map nervous system evolution accurately, partly due to lack of consensus on what constitutes a nervous system, a question beyond the scope of this review that is debated elsewhere [164–166].”
Roles of retinoic acid signaling in regulating nervous system development in the cephalochordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum)
Zieger, E. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/afdccbe5z278dz4cf0zabccze0a8df30916f
Bases cellulaires et moléculaires de la régénération chez la méduse Clytia hemisphaerica
Péron, S. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ffef6377z3968z4ab7zb677z254b4877f6a0 · Cited by 1
Nutritional ecology of Red Sea soft corals
Pupier, C. A. (2020) · HAL · doi:10.70675/5513ffc1zfac9z4a10z9fc8z42ddf0cc2349

Authors: Watanabe, H., Fujisawa, T., & Holstein, T. W.
Affiliations: Heidelberg University (DE)
Corresponding author: Watanabe, Hiroshi
Holstein, Thomas W.
ORCID: Watanabe, Hiroshi
Holstein, Thomas W.
Venue: Development, Growth & Differentiation
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-03-30
Volume: 51
Issue: 3
Pages: 167-183
ISSN: 0012-1592 (ISSN-L)
1440-169X
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01103.x
OpenAlex: W1636647670
Cited by: 206
References: 191
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 0.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Development Growth & Differentiation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
Toyobo Biotechnology Foundation
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 488)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
Keywords: Cnidaria, nervous system evolution, brain development, Bilateria, comparative neuroanatomy
MeSH terms: Animals, Cnidaria, Biological Evolution, Nervous System, Phylogeny

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Cnidarians and the evolutionary origin of the nervous system

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