The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social and emotional impact of diabetic retinopathy: a review
Open accessAbstract
People with vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy are likely to experience enhanced social and emotional strain. Critically, those with both vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy and psychosocial problems may have significantly reduced levels of functioning compared with psychologically healthy counterparts. This can cause inadequate compliance, increased strain on family functioning, worse diabetes control, increased progression of diabetic retinopathy and, consequently, further psychosocial stress resulting in a number of concerning implications for disease management, clinical outcomes and healthcare costs. However, the emotional and social health consequences of diabetic retinopathy have not yet been systematically explored. This information is crucial as it allows for a targeted approach to treatment and prevention and avoidance of the potentially detrimental implications described above. Therefore, this paper reviews the current qualitative and quantitative evidence regarding the social and emotional impact of diabetic retinopathy and identifies directions for future research. Key search terms were applied to the electronic databases Pubmed, ISI Web of Science and Embase and the bibliographies of relevant papers were systematically reviewed for additional references. Overall, the evidence suggests that diabetic retinopathy and associated vision loss have several debilitating effects, including disruption of family functioning, relationships and roles; increased social isolation and dependence; and deterioration of work prospects resulting in increased financial strain. Adverse emotional responses include fear, anxiety, vulnerability, guilt, loss of confidence, anger, stress and self-perception issues. However, the research to date is largely qualitative in nature, with most quantitative studies being small, cross-sectional and somewhat outdated. Similarly, the outcome measures used in many studies to date are suboptimal in terms of content and validity. Therefore, this review identifies the need for improved outcome measures to provide valid, meaningful measurement of the social and emotional impact of diabetic retinopathy and discusses potential directions for future research such as item banking and computer adaptive testing.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is reported that DR patients are prone to adverse emotional reactions such as anxiety and depression.[6–8]”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lang, G. E., Vaiser, A., Snyder, W. B., & Lynn, J. R. (2007) · Developments in ophthalmology · doi:10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-01439-6 · Cited by 5,607
The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes
Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069 · Cited by 3,926
Cheung, N., Mitchell, P., & Wong, T. Y. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62124-3 · Cited by 3,288
Self-citationAssociation of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis
de Groot, M., Anderson, R., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200107000-00015 · Cited by 1,799 · cited 19×
“This reduced functioning can lead to a downward negative spiral of reduced adherence to healthcare advice and appointments, increased strain on family functioning and social support systems, worsening diabetes control and increased development and progression of DR, leading to further psychosocial stress.10–17 Because…”
BackgroundInfluentialAssessing Psychosocial Distress in Diabetes
Polonsky, W. H., Fisher, L., Earles, J., Dudl, R. J., Lees, J., Mullan, J., & Jackson, R. A. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.626 · Cited by 1,575
Depression and Diabetes: Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Adherence, Function, and Costs
Ciechanowski, P. S., Katon, W. J., & Russo, J. E. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.21.3278 · Cited by 1,465
Examining a Bidirectional Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Diabetes
Golden, S. H. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.23.2751 · Cited by 916
Frank, R. N. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra021678 · Cited by 906
Fisher, L., Mullan, J. T., Arean, P., Glasgow, R. E., Hessler, D., & Masharani, U. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1238 · Cited by 681
The Association of Comorbid Depression With Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Katon, W. J., Rutter, C., Simon, G., Lin, E. H. B., Ludman, E., Ciechanowski, P., Kinder, L., Young, B., & Von Korff, M. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.11.2668 · Cited by 640
Prevalence of Depression in Adults With Diabetes: An epidemiological evaluation
Gavard, J. A., Lustman, P. J., & Clouse, R. E. (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.8.1167 · Cited by 624
Cella, D. F., Gershon, R. C., Lai, J., & Choi, S. W. (2007) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9204-6 · Cited by 622
Black, S. A., Markides, K. S., & Ray, L. A. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.10.2822 · Cited by 587
Brody, B. L., Gamst, A. C., Williams, R. A., Smith, A. R., Lau, P. W., Dolnak, D., Rapaport, M. H., Kaplan, R. M., & Brown, S. I. (2001) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00754-0 · Cited by 582
Fisher, L., Skaff, M. M., Mullan, J. T., Arean, P., Glasgow, R., & Masharani, U. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02533.x · Cited by 524
Clinical Depression Versus Distress Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Fisher, L., Skaff, M. M., Mullan, J. T., Arean, P., Mohr, D., Masharani, U., Glasgow, R., & Laurencin, G. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1614 · Cited by 465
Diabetes, Major Depression, and Functional Disability Among U.S. Adults
Egede, L. E. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.421 · Cited by 422
Depression and Anxiety in Visually Impaired Older People
Evans, J., FLETCHER, A. E., & Wormald, R. (2007) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.006 · Cited by 415
The Development, Assessment, and Selection of Questionnaires
Pesudovs, K., Burr, J. M., Harley, C., & Elliott, D. B. (2007) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e318141fe75 · Cited by 407
Self-citationEpidemiology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., & Moss, S. E. (1992) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.15.12.1875 · Cited by 344
Revicki, D. A., & Cella, D. F. (1997) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018420418455 · Cited by 268
Effect of Depression on Vision Function in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Rovner, B. W. (2002) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.120.8.1041 · Cited by 251
Depression and Disability Associated with Impaired Vision: The MoVIES Project
Rovner, B. W., & Ganguli, M. (1998) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01080.x · Cited by 238
Predicting diabetes distress in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study
Fisher, L., Mullan, J. T., Skaff, M. M., Glasgow, R. E., Arean, P., & Hessler, D. (2009) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02730.x · Cited by 235
Broman, A. T., Muñoz, B. E., Rodriguez, J., Sánchez, R., Quigley, H. A., Klein, R., Snyder, R., & West, S. K. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 232
Remediating serious flaws in the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire
Pesudovs, K., Gothwal, V. K., Wright, T., & Lamoureux, E. L. (2010) · Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.11.019 · Cited by 212
Self-citationThe Measurement of Vision Disability
Massof, R. W. (2002) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/00006324-200208000-00015 · Cited by 202
Pesudovs, K., Garamendi, E., Keeves, J. P., & Elliott, D. B. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.02-1075 · Cited by 184
Self-citationThe impact of diabetic retinopathy: perspectives from patient focus groups
Coyne, K. S. (2004) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmh417 · Cited by 165
The NEI-VFQ-25 in People With Long-term Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Klein, R. (2001) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.119.5.733 · Cited by 161
Psychosocial impact of visual impairment in working-age adults
Nyman, S. R., Gosney, M., & Victor, C. R. (2009) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2009.164814 · Cited by 160
The Psychometric Validity of the NEI VFQ-25 for Use in a Low-Vision Population
Marella, M., Pesudovs, K., Keeffe, J. E., O’Connor, P. M., Rees, G., & Lamoureux, E. L. (2010) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4494 · Cited by 157
Self-citationSeverity of Diabetic Retinopathy and Health-Related Quality of Life
Mazhar, K., Varma, R., Choudhury, F., McKean‐Cowdin, R., Shtir, C. J., & Azen, S. P. (2010) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.08.003 · Cited by 149
The Prevalence and Consequences of Vision Impairment in Later Life
Horowitz, A. (2004) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00013614-200407000-00006 · Cited by 143
Likert or Rasch? Nothing is more applicable than good theory
van Alphen, A., Halfens, R. J. G., Hasman, A., & Imbos, T. (1994) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1994.20010196.x · Cited by 136
Vision-related quality of life in patients with diabetic macular oedema
Hariprasad, S. M., Mieler, W. F., Grassi, M. A., Green, J. L., Jäger, R., & Miller, L. C. (2007) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.122416 · Cited by 133
The Impact of Diabetic Retinopathy on Participation in Daily Living
Lamoureux, E. L. (2004) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.122.1.84 · Cited by 116
Self-citationCandrilli, S. D., Davis, K. L., Kan, H. J., Lucero, M. A., & Rousculp, M. D. (2007) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.08.002 · Cited by 116
Vision-Specific Quality-of-Life Research: A Need to Improve the Quality
Lamoureux, E. L., & Pesudovs, K. (2011) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.09.020 · Cited by 110
Self-citationItem Banking: A Generational Change in Patient‐Reported Outcome Measurement
Pesudovs, K. (2010) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e3181d408d7 · Cited by 108
Self-citationRogelberg, S. G. (2017) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd edition · doi:10.4135/9781483386874.n73 · Cited by 99
The impact of diabetic retinopathy: understanding the patient's perspective
Fenwick, E., Pesudovs, K., Rees, G., Dirani, M., Kawasaki, R., Wong, T. Y., & Lamoureux, E. L. (2010) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2010.191312 · Cited by 98
Self-citationRoy, M. S., Roy, A., & Affouf, M. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3180df84e2 · Cited by 97
Hirai, F. E., Tielsch, J. M., Klein, R., & Klein, R. (2010) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.06.022 · Cited by 80
Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Jensen, S. C., & Moss, S. E. (1994) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(94)31354-6 · Cited by 79
The influence of diabetic retinopathy on quality of life
Woodcock, A. J., Bradley, C., Plowright, R., ffytche, T. J., Kennedy‐Martin, T., & Hirsch, A. (2004) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2003.10.007 · Cited by 72
Luecht, R. M. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/0470013192.bsa125 · Cited by 63
Depression, quality of life, and glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Lee, H., Chapa, D. W., Kao, C., Jones, D. E., Kapustin, J. F., Smith, J., Krichten, C. M., Donner, T. W., Thomas, S. A., & Friedmann, E. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00396.x · Cited by 61
Jacobson, A. M., Rand, L. I., & Hauser, S. T. (1985) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198507000-00007 · Cited by 59
Cohen, S. T., Welch, G. W., Jacobson, A. M., de Groot, M., & SAMSON, J. A. (1997) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(97)71477-4 · Cited by 58
Matza, L. S., Rousculp, M. D., Malley, K. G., Boye, K. S., & Oglesby, A. K. (2008) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-6-95 · Cited by 58
Likert and Guttman scaling of visual function rating scale questionnaires
Massof, R. W. (2004) · Ophthalmic Epidemiology · doi:10.1080/09286580490888771 · Cited by 56
Psychosocial Profiles in Patients With Visual Impairment Due to Diabetic Retinopathy
Bernbaum, M., Albert, S. G., & Duckro, P. N. (1988) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.11.7.551 · Cited by 52
Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetic Retinopathy
Wulsin, L. R., Jacobson, A. M., & Rand, L. I. (1987) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.10.3.367 · Cited by 49
Gabrielian, A., Hariprasad, S. M., Jäger, R., Green, J. L., & Mieler, W. F. (2009) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.2009.56 · Cited by 49
Cardiac Autonomic Control and Treatment of Hostility: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Sloan, R. P., Shapiro, P. A., Gorenstein, E. E., Tager, F. A., Monk, C. E., McKinley, P. S., Myers, M. M., Bagiella, E., Chen, I., Steinman, R. C., et al. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181c8a529 · Cited by 42
The experience of diabetic retinopathy: A qualitative study
Devenney, R., & O’Neill, S. M. (2011) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2010.02008.x · Cited by 39
Group Therapy With Blind Diabetics
Oehler-Giarratana, J. (1980) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780170105012 · Cited by 38
Psychosocial Sequelae of Visual Loss in Diabetes
Cox, D. J., Kiernan, B. D., Schroeder, D. B., & Cowley, M. (1998) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/014572179802400406 · Cited by 36
Evidence of Early Retinal Microvascular Changes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Depression
Nguyen, T. T., Wong, T. Y., Islam, A. F. M., Hubbard, L. D., Ajilore, O., Haroon, E., Darwin, C. H., Esser, B., & Kumar, A. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181da90f4 · Cited by 35
Self-citationScanlon, P. H., Martin, M., Bailey, C., Johnson, E., Hykin, P. G., & Keightley, S. J. (2005) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01736.x · Cited by 30
Luckie, R., Leese, G., McAlpine, R., MacEwen, C. J., Baines, P. S., Morris, A. D., & Ellis, J. D. (2007) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02180.x · Cited by 28
The Epidemiology of Eye Diseases in Diabetes
Wong, T. Y., & Klein, R. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470779750.ch30 · Cited by 26
Self-citationTrento, M., Tomelini, M., Lattanzio, R., Brancato, R., Coggiola, A., Benecchi, R., Scoccianti, L., Insacco, C., Bandello, F. M., Montanaro, M., et al. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01957.x · Cited by 22
Psychosocial Adjustment to Advanced Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Wulsin, L. R., Jacobson, A. M., & Rand, L. I. (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.8.1061 · Cited by 21
Robertson, N., Burden, M., & Burden, A. C. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01970.x · Cited by 20
Diabetic Retinopathy and Systemic Complications
Cheung, N., & Wong, T. Y. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-563-3_21 · Cited by 16
Self-citationCorneal Light Transmission and Roughness After Refractive Surgery
Pérez‐Merino, P., Martínez‐García, C., Mar, S., Pérez‐Escudero, A., Blanco-Mezquita, T., Mayo-Íscar, A., & Merayo-Llovés, J. (2010) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e3181e170df · Cited by 15
Mearns, J., & Lees‐Haley, P. R. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199309)49:5 · Cited by 15
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ting, D. S. W., Cheung, G. C. M., & Wong, T. Y. (2016) · Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.12696 · Cited by 1,066
Self-citationThe worldwide epidemic of diabetic retinopathy
Congdon, N. G., Zheng, Y., & He, M. (2012) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/0301-4738.100542 · Cited by 633
Integrated image-based deep learning and language models for primary diabetes care
Li, J., Guan, Z., Wang, J., Cheung, C. Y., Zheng, Y., Lim, L.-L., Lim, C. C., Ruamviboonsuk, P., Raman, R., Corsino, L., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03139-8 · Cited by 250
Self-citationBrunes, A., Hansen, M. B., & Heir, T. (2019) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-019-1096-y · Cited by 203
Braithwaite, T., Calvert, M., Gray, A. M., Pesudovs, K., & Denniston, A. K. (2019) · Patient Related Outcome Measures · doi:10.2147/prom.s162802 · Cited by 156
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Fenwick, E., Rees, G., Pesudovs, K., Dirani, M., Kawasaki, R., Wong, T. Y., & Lamoureux, E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lamoureux, Ecosse
- Venue
- Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-38
- ISSN
- 1442-6404 (ISSN-L)
- 1442-9071
- OpenAlex
- W1510538386
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- State Government of Victoria
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, psychosocial impact, emotional impact, vision loss, family functioning, social isolation, financial stress, anxiety, outcome measures, item banking, computerized adaptive testing, diabetes management, medication adherence
- MeSH terms
- Affective Symptoms, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humans, Social Problems, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
