The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender Differences in Gratitude: Examining Appraisals, Narratives, the Willingness to Express Emotions, and Changes in Psychological Needs
Abstract
ABSTRACT Previous work suggests women might possess an advantage over men in experiencing and benefiting from gratitude. We examined whether women perceive and react to gratitude differently than men. In Study 1, women, compared with men, evaluated gratitude expression to be less complex, uncertain, conflicting, and more interesting and exciting. In Study 2, college students and older adults described and evaluated a recent episode when they received a gift. Women, compared with men, reported less burden and obligation and greater gratitude. Upon gift receipt, older men reported the least positive affect when their benefactors were men. In Studies 2 and 3, women endorsed higher trait gratitude compared with men. In Study 3, over 3 months, women with greater gratitude were more likely to satisfy needs to belong and feel autonomous; gratitude had the opposite effect in men. The willingness to openly express emotions partially mediated gender differences, and effects could not be attributed to global trait affect. Results demonstrated that men were less likely to feel and express gratitude, made more critical evaluations of gratitude, and derived fewer benefits. Implications for the study and therapeutic enhancement of gratitude are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion
Weiner, B. (1985) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548 · Cited by 7,846
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143
What good are positive emotions?
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 · Cited by 6,066
Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.5.410 · Cited by 5,947
Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.54.3.165 · Cited by 5,377 · cited 1×
“Carstensen and her colleagues provide evidence that as people get older, value priorities and goals shift from knowledge seeking and achievement to investing in events that provide emotional meaning (Carstensen et al., 1999; Charles & Carstensen, 2007).”
BackgroundPursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111 · Cited by 3,203
The Psychology of Life Stories
McAdams, D. P. (2001) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.100 · Cited by 2,808 · cited 1×
“Instead of relying on responses to global self-report questionnaires, the methodology offered novel insights into the understanding of gratitude by using real-life narratives (McAdams, 2001).”
MethodDiener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00415 · Cited by 2,508
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249 · Cited by 1,698 · cited 1×
“Expressing gratitude motivates kindness and other moral behaviors and, thus, is theorized to be an important process in creating positive social outcomes ( McCullough, Kilpatrick, Emmons, & Larson, 2001 ).”
BackgroundLa Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.367 · Cited by 1,571
Gender and helping behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature.
Eagly, A. H., & Crowley, M. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.283 · Cited by 1,068
Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology.
Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.686 · Cited by 1,067 · cited 4×
“As discussed earlier, women in general are more willing than men to express emotions ( Kring & Gordon, 1998 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialBeing good by doing good: Daily eudaimonic activity and well-being
Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., & Oishi, S. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.03.004 · Cited by 626
Self-citationFacets of emotional Expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00055-b · Cited by 359 · cited 2×
“The BEQ appears to demonstrate strong psychometric properties, with a 2-month test–retest reliability of .86 (Gross & John, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodGratitude Toward God, Stress, and Health in Late Life
Krause, N. (2006) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027505284048 · Cited by 284
George, A., & Fleming, P. (2004) · The Journal of Men's Health & Gender · doi:10.1016/j.jmhg.2004.10.009 · Cited by 58
Cited by
Gratitude and subjective well‐being in early adolescence: Examining gender differences
Froh, J. J., Yurkewicz, C., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.006 · Cited by 494
Self-citationEmotion recognition using wireless signals
Zhao, M., Adib, F., & Katabi, D. (2016) · Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking · doi:10.1145/2973750.2973762 · Cited by 461
Cregg, D. R., & Cheavens, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00236-6 · Cited by 203
Shen, C.-X., Liu, R.-D., & Wang, D. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.08.004 · Cited by 148
Teacher–student relationships, psychological need satisfaction, and happiness among diverse students
Froiland, J. M., Worrell, F. C., & Oh, H. (2019) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22245 · Cited by 123
Metadata
- Authors
- Kashdan, T. B., Mishra, A., Breen, W. E., & Froh, J. J.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-04-22
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 691-730
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2171083281
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 17.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
