Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change

Lyubomirsky, Sonja; Sheldon, Kennon M.; Schkade, David

doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111

Cited by 3,203Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionOptimism, Hope, and Well-beingAging and Gerontology Research

Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change

Lyubomirsky, Sonja, Sheldon, Kennon M., Schkade, David·2005·Review of General Psychology

DOI 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111

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Abstract

The pursuit of happiness is an important goal for many people. However, surprisingly little scientific research has focused on the question of how happiness can be increased and then sustained, probably because of pessimism engendered by the concepts of genetic determinism and hedonic adaptation. Nevertheless, emerging sources of optimism exist regarding the possibility of permanent increases in happiness. Drawing on the past well-being literature, the authors propose that a person's chronic happiness level is governed by 3 major factors: a genetically determined set point for happiness, happiness-relevant circumstantial factors, and happiness-relevant activities and practices. The authors then consider adaptation and dynamic processes to show why the activity category offers the best opportunities for sustainably increasing happiness. Finally, existing research is discussed in support of the model, including 2 preliminary happiness-increasing interventions.

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Subjective well-being tends to be relatively stable over time.
“In fact, subjective well-being tends to be relatively stable over time (Diener and Lucas, 1999; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005; Nes et al., 2006).”
From The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as Lyubomirsky et al., 2005
Subjective well-being can predict important life outcomes such as health, longevity, and disease.
“Lastly, subjective well-being can predict important life outcomes such as health, longevity, and disease (Williams and Schneiderman, 2002; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005; Chida and Steptoe, 2008).”
From The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as Lyubomirsky et al., 2005
Connectedness with others is universally accepted as an important component of well-being, and this construct features prominently in current psychological theories.
“Connectedness with others is universally accepted as an important component of well-being, and this construct features prominently in current psychological theories. 24-26”
From Physical Activity for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
The data from Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade (2005) are no longer available.
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From Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor (2018) · cites this paper as Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005
Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade (2005) purports to provide evidence that kind acts boost the well-being of the actor.
“The most highly cited paper in the kindness literature (with citations at the time of the last search) purports to provide evidence that kind acts boosts the well-being of the actor(Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005).”
From Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor (2018) · cites this paper as Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005

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Fava, G. A. (1999) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000012329 · Cited by 311 · cited 3× · see citing works
“As noted earlier, Fordyce (1977, 1983) conducted several happiness intervention studies in which he taught 14 happiness-relevant strategies to students as part of their coursework. All of the strategies fit into one or more of the three categories of activity outlined earlier: behavioral (e.g., “spend more time social…”
Background
Positive Emotional States and Enhancement of the Immune System
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Hedonic consequences of social comparison: A contrast of happy and unhappy people.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Ross, L. D. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1141 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Self-citation
Current Concepts of Positive Mental Health
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Personal Goals and Psychological Growth: Testing an Intervention to Enhance Goal Attainment and Personality Integration
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Self-citation
Mood and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Effects of Positive Affect on Employee Organizational Citizenship Behavior Intentions
Williams, S., & Shiaw, W. T. (1999) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223989909599771 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Measurement issues in emotion research.
Larsen, R. J., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1999) · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Evaluation of champs, a physical activity promotion program for older adults
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Adaptation-Level Theory
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Influences and Consequences of Well-being Among Australian Young People: 1980–1995
Marks, G. N., & Fleming, N. (1999) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006928507272 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Endowment and contrast in judgments of well-being.
Tversky, A., & Griffin, D. W. (1991) · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Marital Status, Distress, and Well-Being: An International Comparison
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Handbook of psychological change : psychotherapy processes & practices for the 21st century
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Self-Determination Theory in the Clinic: Motivating Physical and Mental Health
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Self-citation
Handbook of Psychological Change: Psychotherapy Processes and Practices for the 21st Century
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The Science Of Optimism and Hope: Research Essays in Honor of Martin E.P. Seligman
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Daily events are associated with a secretory immune response to an oral antigen in men.
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Stimulus-Similarity and the Anchoring of Subjective Scales
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The Social Activity/Subjective Well-Being Relation
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Infancy to early childhood: genetic and environmental influences on developmental change
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Hope theory: Updating a common process for psychological change.
Snyder, C. R. R., Ilardi, S., Michael, S. T., & Cheavens, J. (2000) · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Genetic influence on tester-rated infant temperament as assessed by Bayley's Infant Behavior Record: Nonadoptive and adoptive siblings and twins.
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Change in Dispositional Well-Being and Its Relation to Role Quality: A 30-Year Longitudinal Study
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Self-Determination Theory in the Clinic
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Self-citation
Biology, Context, and Developmental Inquiry
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The Practice of Social influence in Multiple Cultures
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Cognitive Correlates of Subjective Well-Being: The Processing of Valenced Life Events by Happy and Unhappy Persons
Seidlitz, L., Wyer, R. S., & Diener, E. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2184 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Emotions and hedonic experience
Frijda, N. H. (1999) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The cultural shaping of emotion: A conceptual framework.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10152-020 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
A Method for Determining Cultural, Demographic, and Personal Constructs
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Happiness: The Nature and Nurture of Joy and Contentment
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The Situational and Personal Correlates of Happiness: A Cross-National Comparison
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Authoritative guide to self-help resources in mental health
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Neuropsychological Perspectives on Affective Styles and Their Cognitive Consequences
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Aerobic exercise, subjective health and psychological well-being within age and gender subgroups
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Biological psychology.
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Experiences of strain and pleasure among British adults
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Adolescents' Contributing toward Others
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The effect of past-injury on pain threshold and tolerance
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The Benefits of a "Sidelong" Approach to Self-Esteem Need Satisfaction: Comment on Crocker and Park (2004).
Sheldon, K. M. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.421 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
"Adding legs to a snake": A reanalysis of motivation and the pursuit of happiness from a Zen Buddhist perspective.
Gaskins, R. W. (1999) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.204 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Increasing happiness through cognitive retraining.
Lichter, S., Haye, K., & Kammann, R. (1980) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Psychology and Economics
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Pitfalls On The Road To A Positive Psychology Of Hope
Schwartz, B. N. (2000) · Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dispositional Cheerfulness: Early Genetic and Environmental Influences
Robinson, J. L., Emde, R. N., & Corley, R. P. (2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195130126.003.0012 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 151 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143 · see citing works
Self-citation
Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.5.410 · Cited by 5,947 · see citing works
Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice-friendly meta-analysis
Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20593 · Cited by 2,955 · see citing works
Self-citation
Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013262 · Cited by 2,365 · see citing works
Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005 · Cited by 2,131 · see citing works
Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder
Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Murray, A. M., Brown, M. Z., Gallop, R. J., Heard, H. L., Korslund, K. E., Tutek, D. A., Reynolds, S. K., & Lindenboim, N. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.757 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
A Brief Social-Belonging Intervention Improves Academic and Health Outcomes of Minority Students
Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1198364 · Cited by 1,992 · see citing works
Flourishing Across Europe: Application of a New Conceptual Framework for Defining Well-Being
Huppert, F. A., & So, T. T. C. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7 · Cited by 1,864 · see citing works
Spending money on others promotes happiness
Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., & Norton, M. I. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1150952 · Cited by 1,657 · see citing works
Personality and Subjective Well-Being
Richard, E., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_4 · Cited by 1,604 · see citing works
Physical Activity for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms
Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., & Biddle, S. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1642 · Cited by 1,548 · see citing works
A new look at social support: A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships
Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314544222 · Cited by 1,521 · see citing works
Subjective well-being and adaptation to life events: A meta-analysis.
Luhmann, M., Hofmann, W., Eid, M., & Lucas, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025948 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
Handbook of adult resilience
Reich, J. W., Zautra, A., & Hall, J. S. (2010) · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
Pursuing Pleasure or Virtue: The Differential and Overlapping Well-Being Benefits of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives
Huta, V., & Ryan, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-009-9171-4 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being.
Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
How Do Simple Positive Activities Increase Well-Being?
Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412469809 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Self-citation
Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review
Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Résibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12033 · Cited by 1,209 · see citing works
Happiness at Work
Fisher, C. D. (2009) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis
Capaldi, C. A., Dopko, R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
“Lastly, subjective well-being can predict important life outcomes such as health, longevity, and disease (Williams and Schneiderman, 2002; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005; Chida and Steptoe, 2008).”
Background
Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being.
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Scollon, C. N. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.4.305 · Cited by 1,946 · see citing works
Positive Psychology in Clinical Practice
Lee Duckworth, A., Steen, T. A., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144154 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Advances and Open Questions in the Science of Subjective Well-Being
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.115 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness: A Global Perspective (1981–2007)
Inglehart, R., Foa, R., Peterson, C., & Welzel, C. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00078.x · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works
Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Reconsidering happiness: The costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia
Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R., & King, L. A. (2008) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760802303044 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Happiness and Productivity
Oswald, A. J., Proto, E., & Sgroi, D. (2015) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/681096 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves
Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760500510676 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self‐Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates the Effects of Traits on Behavior
Baumeister, R. F., Gailliot, M., DeWall, C. N., & Oaten, M. (2006) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00428.x · Cited by 910 · see citing works
The heart's content: The association between positive psychological well-being and cardiovascular health.
Boehm, J. K., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027448 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
A little thanks goes a long way: explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior
Grant, A. M., & Gino, F. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017935 · Cited by 870 · see citing works
Prosocial Spending and Well-Being: Cross-Cultural Evidence for a Psychological Universal
Aknin, L. B., Barrington-Leigh, C. P., Dunn, E. W., Helliwell, J. F., Burns, J., Biswas‐Diener, R., Kemeza, I., Nyende, P., Ashton-James, C. E., & Norton, M. I. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031578 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
The effect of contact with natural environments on positive and negative affect: A meta-analysis
McMahan, E. A., & Estes, D. (2015) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.994224 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Mindfulness broadens awareness and builds eudaimonic meaning: A process model of mindful positive emotion regulation
Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., R. Goldin, P., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1064294 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Enhancing cognitive and social–emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based school program for elementary school children: A randomized controlled trial
Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Oberle, E., Lawlor, M. S., Abbott, D., Thomson, K., Oberlander, T. F., & Diamond, A. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038454 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Regulation of Positive Emotions: Emotion Regulation Strategies that Promote Resilience
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2007) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9015-4 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Social Support and Subjective Well-Being Across Age
Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0361-4 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: two longitudinal studies
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.003 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Purpose in Life as a System that Creates and Sustains Health and Well-Being: An Integrative, Testable Theory
McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017152 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
The reliability of subjective well-being measures
Krueger, A. B., & Schkade, D. A. (2008) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.12.015 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effects of a mindfulness-based education program on pre- and early adolescents’ well-being and social and emotional competence
Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Lawlor, M. S. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0011-8 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being.
Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J. K., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022575 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Implications of Two Conceptions of Happiness (Hedonic Enjoyment and Eudaimonia) for the Understanding of Intrinsic Motivation
Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., & Conti, R. (2006) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9020-7 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Doing the Right Thing: Measuring Well-Being for Public Policy
Seligman, M. E. P., Forgeard, M. J. C., Jayawickreme, E., & Kern, M. L. (2011) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v1i1.15 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Pleasure principles: A review of research on hedonic consumption
Alba, J. W., & Williams, E. F. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2012.07.003 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
The Bright Side of Being Prosocial at Work, and the Dark Side, Too: A Review and Agenda for Research on Other-Oriented Motives, Behavior, and Impact in Organizations
Bolino, M. C., & Grant, A. M. (2016) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2016.1153260 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Nature connectedness: Associations with well-being and mindfulness
Howell, A. J., Dopko, R. L., Passmore, H., & Buro, K. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.037 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Too Much of a Good Thing: The Challenge and Opportunity of the Inverted U
Grant, A. M., & Schwartz, B. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393523 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Positive emotion regulation and well-being: Comparing the impact of eight savoring and dampening strategies
Quoidbach, J., Berry, E. V., Hansenne, M., & Mikolajczak, M. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.048 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Findings All Psychologists Should Know From the New Science on Subjective Well-Being
Diener, E., Heintzelman, S. J., Kushlev, K., Tay, L., Wirtz, D., Lutes, L., & Oishi, S. (2017) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000063 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Identity-based consumer behavior
Reed, A., Forehand, M., Puntoni, S., & Warlop, L. (2012) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.08.002 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Wise interventions: Psychological remedies for social and personal problems.
Walton, G. M., & Wilson, T. D. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000115 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Health benefits: Meta-analytically determining the impact of well-being on objective health outcomes
Howell, R. T., Kern, M. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2007) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437190701492486 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social Interactions and Well-Being
Sandstrom, G. M., & Dunn, E. W. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214529799 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being?
Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035444 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Hierarchical Structure of Well‐Being
Gallagher, M. W., Lopez, S. J., & Preacher, K. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00573.x · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Gender differences in associations between digital media use and psychological well‐being: Evidence from three large datasets
Twenge, J. M., & Martin, G. N. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.018 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Does happiness adapt? A longitudinal study of disability with implications for economists and judges
Oswald, A. J., & Powdthavee, N. (2008) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.002 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Feelings change: Accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect.
Kuppens, P., Oravecz, Z., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020962 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Positive interventions: An emotion regulation perspective.
Quoidbach, J., Mikolajczak, M., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038648 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Travel and Subjective Well-Being: A Focus on Findings, Methods and Future Research Needs
Vos, J. D., Schwanen, T., Acker, V. V., & Witlox, F. (2013) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2013.815665 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor
Curry, O. S., Rowland, L. A., Van Lissa, C. J., Zlotowitz, S., McAlaney, J., & Whitehouse, H. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.02.014 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
The ‘What’, ‘Why’ and ‘How’ of Employee Well-Being: A New Model
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A Dark Side of Happiness? How, When, and Why Happiness Is Not Always Good
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Authors: Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D.
Affiliations: University of California, Riverside (US)
University of Missouri (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Lyubomirsky, Sonja
Sheldon, Kennon M.
ORCID: Lyubomirsky, Sonja
Sheldon, Kennon M.
Venue: Review of General Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-06
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 111-131
ISSN: 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
1939-1552
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
OpenAlex: W2132638854
Semantic Scholar: e96c510d25e7be671c5e6d6b6450ed48efad8d58
Cited by: 3,203
References: 151
Citations by year: 2026: 88 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 187 · 2021: 222 · 2020: 198 · 2019: 186 · 2018: 169 · 2017: 171 · 2016: 185 · 2015: 210 · 2014: 197 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 161
FWCI: 67.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords: happiness, subjective well-being, genetic determinism, hedonic adaptation, happiness interventions, optimism

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Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change

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