Gratitude and subjective well‐being in early adolescence: Examining gender differences
Abstract
Gratitude was examined among 154 students to identify benefits from its experience and expression. Students completed measures of subjective well‐being, social support, prosocial behavior, and physical symptoms. Positive associations were found between gratitude and positive affect, global and domain specific life satisfaction, optimism, social support, and prosocial behavior; most relations remained even after controlling for positive affect. Gratitude demonstrated a negative relation with physical symptoms, but not with negative affect. Relational fulfillment mediated the relation between gratitude and physical symptoms. Gratitude demonstrated strong relations with the following positive affects: proud, hopeful, inspired, forgiving, and excited. The relation between gratitude and family support was moderated by gender, indicating that boys, compared with girls, appear to derive more social benefits from gratitude. Strengths, limitations, and implications are discussed.
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Increases in gratitude are linked to improved positive affect, life satisfaction, improved social relationships, and lower suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.
“Research has also linked increases in gratitude—the state of positive reflection and appreciation—to improved positive affect, life satisfaction, improved social relationships, as well as lower suicidal ideation and suicide attempts [22,23].”
From Feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based positive psychology program for youth mental health: Randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Moreover, individuals who are satisfied with basic psychological needs can achieve better positive development outcome and inhibit internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors (Bono and Froh, 2009).”
Owens, R. L., & Patterson, M. M. (2013) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2012.697496 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Expressions of Gratitude in Children and Adolescents
Wang, D., Wang, Y. C., & Tudge, J. R. H. (2015) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022115594140 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Froh and colleagues (Froh et al., 2009) found that 11- to 13-year-old girls scored somewhat higher on gratitude than did boys.”
Bono, G., Froh, J. J., Disabato, D. J., Blalock, D. V., McKnight, P. E., & Bausert, S. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1402078 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Gratitude is associated with supportive social relationships among adolescents (Froh, Sefick, & Emmons, 2008; Froh et al., 2009), and recent research shows that perceptions of social support from parents contribute uniquely to early adolescents’ gratitude, after controlling for demographic and personality variables (R…”
InfluentialSelf-citationPositive Psychological Interventions in Counseling
Magyar‐Moe, J. L., Owens, R. L., & Conoley, C. W. (2015) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000015573776 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Gratitude in Organizations: A Contribution for Healthy Organizational Contexts
Fabio, A. D., Palazzeschi, L., & Bucci, O. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02025 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“In a study by Froh et al. (2009), positive relationships were found between gratitude and positive affect, life satisfaction, optimism, and social support.”
A complex dynamic systems approach to lasting positive change: The Synergistic Change Model
Rusk, R. D., Vella‐Brodrick, D., & Waters, L. E. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1291853 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Froh et al. (2009) suggested that creativity, intrinsic motivation and purposefulness may participate in upward spirals with gratitude.”
Renshaw, T. L., & Steeves, R. M. O. (2016) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21903 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Promise of Well-Being Interventions for Improving Health Risk Behaviors
Boehm, J. K., Vie, L. L., & Kubzansky, L. (2012) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-012-0273-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The impact of gratitude on adolescent materialism and generosity
Chaplin, L. N., John, D. R., Rindfleisch, A., & Froh, J. J. (2018) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2018.1497688 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationThe proximal experience of gratitude
Layous, K., Sweeny, K. M., Armenta, C. N., Na, S., Choi, I., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179123 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Trait gratitude is correlated with desirable outcomes such as higher relationship satisfaction [14], happiness [4], and prosociality [4]; fewer symptoms of physical illness [15]; and less envy and materialism [4].”
Caputo, A. (2015) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v11i2.826 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Being Bullied at School: Gratitude as Potential Protective Factor for Suicide Risk in Adolescents
Rey, L., Quintana‐Orts, C., Mérida‐López, S., & Extremera, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00662 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“As aforementioned, gratitude has been shown to be positively linked to adolescents’ psychological adjustment (Froh et al., 2008, 2009; Bono and Froh, 2009).”
Przepiórka, A., & Sobol, M. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00221-z · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“A number of studies confirmed the role of gratitude in predicting well-being (Emmons and Shelton 2002; Froh et al. 2009).”
Ma, M., Kibler, J. L., & Sly, K. F. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.07.012 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A literature review of gratitude, parent–child relationships, and well-being in children
Obeldobel, C. A., & Kerns, K. A. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100948 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ng, M.-Y., & Wong, W.-S. (2013) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105312439733 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
EVALUASI PROPERTI PSIKOMETRIS DAN PERBANDINGAN MODEL PENGUKURAN KONSTRUK SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING
Akhtar, H. (2019) · Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.14710/jp.18.1.29-40 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Luu, T. T. (2019) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.01.004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kong, F., You, X., & Zhao, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01498 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the findings by Froh et al. (2009).”
Tian, L., Pi, L., Huebner, E. S., & Du, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01409 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Proctor, C., & Linley, P. (2014) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8669-0_13 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Geng, Y. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316677295 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“These results were also found in other adult and youth populations (Adler and Fagley, 2005; Froh et al., 2009).”
Lin, C.-C. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0518-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Empathy, Gratitude, and Resilience – Does Gender Make a Difference?
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., & Bosacki, S. (2020) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.391541 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gratitude Enhances Change in Athletes’ Self-Esteem: The Moderating Role of Trust in Coach
Chen, L. H., & Wu, C. (2014) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2014.889255 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Examining the antecedents and consequences of gratitude
Hasan, S. E., Mortimer, G., Lings, I., & Neale, L. (2017) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-01-2016-0048 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Gratitude is a voluntary, other-directed emotional response that arises from the recognition that a benefit has been received from an organisation (Froh et al., 2009, Raggio et al., 2014a).”
Relationship between benevolent leadership and the well-being among employees with disabilities
Tuấn, L. T. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.03.004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Yan, W., Yang, K., Wang, Q., You, X., & Kong, F. (2020) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x20941344 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Prior research had suggested that gender and age might exert an effect on LS (Froh et al., 2009; Fugl-Meyer et al., 2002), so we controlled for gender and age in the present study.”
Veronese, G., Castiglioni, M., Barola, G., & Said, M. (2011) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.10.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Chen, L. H., Chen, M., & Tsai, Y. (2012) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2011.632009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“These findings have indicated that gratitude reliably promotes an individual's well-being in areas such as life satisfaction and happiness (Chen & Kee, 2008 ; Froh, Charles, & Todd, 2009a ; McCullough, Tsang, & Emmons, 2004 ; Wood, Joseph, & Maltby, 2008).”
Mediating effects of loneliness on the gratitude-health link
O’Connell, B. H., O’Shea, D. E., & Gallagher, S. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.042 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Wood, A. M., Emmons, R. A., Algoe, S. B., Froh, J. J., Lambert, N. M., & Watkins, P. C. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118468197.ch10 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, K., Yan, W., Jia, N., Wang, Q., & Kong, F. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1818812 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Forgiveness, Gratitude, Happiness, and Prosocial Bystander Behavior in Bullying
García-Vázquez, F. I., Valdés-Cuervo, A. A., Martínez-Ferrer, B., & Parra-Pérez, L. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02827 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“They constitute personality disposition (Emmons, 2008) linked to socially positive behaviors in certain domains (Froh et al., 2009; Donovan and Priester, 2017).”
Israel‐Cohen, Y., Uzefovsky, F., Kashy‐Rosenbaum, G., & Kaplan, O. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.927910 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Gratitude, Forgiveness and Humility as Predictors of Subjective Well-being among University Students
Sapmaz, F., Yıldırım, M., Topcuoğlu, P., Nalbant, D., & Sızır, U. (2015) · International Online Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.15345/iojes.2016.01.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Raising grateful children one day at a time
Hussong, A. M., Langley, H. A., Rothenberg, W. A., Coffman, J. L., Halberstadt, A. G., Costanzo, P. R., & Mokrova, I. L. (2018) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2018.1441713 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Gratitude buffers the adverse effect of viewing the thin ideal on body dissatisfaction
Homan, K. J., Sedlak, B. L., & Boyd, E. A. (2014) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.03.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Yıldız, M. A., & Karadaş, C. (2017) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
How Gratitude Connects Humans to the Best in Themselves and in Others
Bono, G., & Sender, J. T. (2018) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2018.1499350 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Huang, N., Qiu, S., Alizadeh, A., & Wu, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093237 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Venturo‐Conerly, K. E., Osborn, T. L., Wasil, A. R., Le, H., Corrigan, E., Wasanga, C., & Weisz, J. R. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05736-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Additionally, previous trials have shown positive relations between gratitude and wellbeing in early adolescence [30, 37] and late adolescence [38].”
King, R. B., & Datu, J. A. D. (2018) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2018.08.001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Wishes and Expression of Gratitude of Youth
Tudge, J. R. H., Freitas, L. B. D. L., Mokrova, I. L., Wang, Y. C., & O’Brien, M. (2015) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-43272562201501 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In adolescents gratitude is related to life satisfaction, contentment, optimism, and positive affect (Algoe, 2012; Algoe, Fredrickson, & Gable, 2013; Froh et al., 2009).”
Educación positiva: Educando para el éxito académico y para la vida plena
Adler, A., & de Pennsylvania, U. (2017) · Papeles del Psicólogo - Psychologist Papers · doi:10.23923/pap.psicol2017.2821 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Las personas que sienten más gratitud experimentan menos síntomas somáticos (Froh, Yurkewicz, y Kashdan, 2009).”
Lo, H. H. M., Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Yeung, J. W. K., Low, A. Y. T., & Tam, H.-L. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0683-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Educating gratitude: Some conceptual and moral misgivings
Morgan, B. E., Gulliford, L., & Carr, D. (2015) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2014.1002461 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“, Graham, S. M., & Fincham, F. D. (2009). A prototype analysis of gratitude: Varieties of gratitude experiences.”
García-Vázquez, F. I., Valdés‐Cuervo, A. A., & Parra-Pérez, L. G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165760 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Tomlinson, R. M., Keyfitz, L., Rawana, J. S., & Lumley, M. N. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9776-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
You, S., Lee, J., Lee, Y., & Kim, E. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.005 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Coninck, D. D., Matthijs, K., & Luyten, P. (2019) · Student Success · doi:10.5204/ssj.v10i1.642 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A preliminary study of the origins of early adolescents' gratitude differences
Reckart, H., Huebner, E. S., Hills, K. J., & Valois, R. F. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.020 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kerry, N., Chhabra, R., & Clifton, J. D. W. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s372432 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“1,5,6 If such a relationship exists, the wellbeing implications are clear: interventions which increase gratitude could help people to lead more contented, happier, and perhaps healthier lives.”
- Authors
- Froh, J. J., Yurkewicz, C., & Kashdan, T. B.
- Affiliations
- Hofstra University (US)
- St. John's University Department of Psychology SB36 Marillac Hall, 8000 Utopia Parkway Jamaica NY 11439 USA
- George Mason University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Froh, Jeffrey J.
- ORCID
- Kashdan, Todd B.
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescence
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-08-29
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 633-650
- ISSN
- 0140-1971 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9254
- OpenAlex
- W2124143987
- Cited by
- 494
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 8.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (Grant MH‐73937)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- gratitude, subjective well-being, early adolescence, gender differences, positive affect, life satisfaction, optimism, social support, prosocial behavior, somatic symptoms, family support, positive emotions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Affect, Age Factors, Attitude, Child, Female, Helping Behavior, Humans, Male, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Social Support
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