Cited by 368Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentLanguage Development and Disorders

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Gaze behavior and affect at 6 months: predicting clinical outcomes and language development in typically developing infants and infants at risk for autism

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Young, Gregory S., Merin, Noah, Rogers, Sally J., Ozonoff, Sally·2009·Developmental Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00833.xPMC PMC2732664

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Abstract

This paper presents follow‐up longitudinal data to research that previously suggested the possibility of abnormal gaze behavior marked by decreased eye contact in a subgroup of 6‐month‐old infants at risk for autism (Merin, Young, Ozonoff & Rogers, 2007). Using eye‐tracking data and behavioral data recorded during a live mother–infant interaction involving the still‐face procedure, the predictive utility of gaze behavior and affective behaviors at 6 months was examined using diagnostic outcome data obtained longitudinally over the following 18 months. Results revealed that none of the infants previously identified as showing lower rates of eye contact had any signs of autism at outcome. In contrast, three infants who were diagnosed with autism demonstrated consistent gaze to the eye region and typical affective responses at 6 months. Individual differences in face scanning and affective responsivity during the live interaction were not related to any continuous measures of symptom frequency or symptom severity. In contrast, results of growth curve models for language development revealed significant relationships between face scanning and expressive language. Greater amounts of fixation to the mother's mouth during live interaction predicted higher levels of expressive language at outcome and greater rates of growth. These findings suggest that although gaze behavior at 6 months may not provide early markers for autism as initially conceived, gaze to the mouth in particular may be useful in predicting individual differences in language development.

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Background
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“Imagine the surprise of the authors and the field when it was later published that none of the 11 ‘mouth looking’ infants developed ASD … but 3 others, who followed the typical pattern of looking at the mother’s eyes, did (Young et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Eyes can tell. Attention to the eyes and the mouth during audiovisual vowel processing in monolingual and bilingual infantsPreprint
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIMODAL SOCIAL COMMUNICATION IN INFANTS AT HIGH RISK FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Parlade, M. V. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Developmental Approaches to Understanding and Treating Autism
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“…that found positive correlations between the time spent on looking at the mouth and language skills in young typically developing children or children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD (e.g., Habayeb et al., 2021; Stagg et al., 2014; Tenenbaum et al., 2014, 2015; Young et al., 2009).”
Background
Mutual gaze and later social attention development in infants at typical and elevated familial likelihood for ASD and/or ADHD
Ilyka, D., Jiang, Y., Begum-Ali, J., Mason, L., Gui, A., Gliga, T., Lloyd‐Fox, S., Jones, E., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2025) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106398 · Cited by 1
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Oakes, L. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.014 · Cited by 1
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Benassi, J. (2013) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 1
A criança com autismo: trajetórias desenvolvimentais atípicas à luz da teoria piagetiana da equilibração
Mazetto, C. T. M. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.47.2016.tde-22022016-183718 · Cited by 1

Authors: Young, G. S., Merin, N., Rogers, S. J., & Ozonoff, S.
Affiliations: University of California, Davis (US)
Corresponding author: Young, Gregory S.
ORCID: Young, Gregory S.
Merin, Noah
Rogers, Sally J.
Ozonoff, Sally
Venue: Developmental Science
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-08-11
Volume: 12
Issue: 5
Pages: 798-814
ISSN: 1363-755X (ISSN-L)
1467-7687
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00833.x
PMC: PMC2732664
OpenAlex: W2034621560
Cited by: 368
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 9.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068398)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Keywords: gaze behavior, eye contact, autism risk, infants, facial scanning, expressive language development, still-face procedure, mother-infant interaction, language outcome prediction
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Affect, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Communication, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Infant, Language Development, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Neuropsychological Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Chi-Square Distribution

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Gaze behavior and affect at 6 months: predicting clinical outcomes and language development in typically developing infants and infants at risk for autism

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