The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gaze behavior and affect at 6 months: predicting clinical outcomes and language development in typically developing infants and infants at risk for autism
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents follow‐up longitudinal data to research that previously suggested the possibility of abnormal gaze behavior marked by decreased eye contact in a subgroup of 6‐month‐old infants at risk for autism (Merin, Young, Ozonoff & Rogers, 2007). Using eye‐tracking data and behavioral data recorded during a live mother–infant interaction involving the still‐face procedure, the predictive utility of gaze behavior and affective behaviors at 6 months was examined using diagnostic outcome data obtained longitudinally over the following 18 months. Results revealed that none of the infants previously identified as showing lower rates of eye contact had any signs of autism at outcome. In contrast, three infants who were diagnosed with autism demonstrated consistent gaze to the eye region and typical affective responses at 6 months. Individual differences in face scanning and affective responsivity during the live interaction were not related to any continuous measures of symptom frequency or symptom severity. In contrast, results of growth curve models for language development revealed significant relationships between face scanning and expressive language. Greater amounts of fixation to the mother's mouth during live interaction predicted higher levels of expressive language at outcome and greater rates of growth. These findings suggest that although gaze behavior at 6 months may not provide early markers for autism as initially conceived, gaze to the mouth in particular may be useful in predicting individual differences in language development.
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“Several previous studies have also used the strategy of contrasting ASD with no ASD outcome collapsed across risk group [11, 67–72].”
From Reduced engagement with social stimuli in 6-month-old infants with later autism spectrum disorder: a longitudinal prospective study of infants at high familial risk (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“This appears consistent with the surprising finding that attention to faces in 6 month old at-risk infants is not associated with later ASD diagnosis (Young, Merin, Rogers, & Ozonoff, 2009)”
From Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism (2013) · cites this paper as Young, Merin, Rogers, & Ozonoff, 2009
In the citing paper
“Typical orienting to faces and eyes is measured in 6-months old Sib-A during live interaction (Ozonoff et al., 2010; Young, Merin, Rogers, & Ozonoff, 2009), but a decrease in orienting becomes apparent from 12 months (Ozonoff et al., 2010).”
From From early markers to neuro-developmental mechanisms of autism (2014) · cites this paper as Young, Merin, Rogers, & Ozonoff, 2009
In the citing paper
“Behavioral responses to the ‘still face’ paradigm were measured in studies of high-risk infants, but were found to be typical at 6 months in Sib-A (Rozga et al., 2011; Young et al., 2009).”
From From early markers to neuro-developmental mechanisms of autism (2014) · cites this paper as Young et al., 2009
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Citations
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“The interpretation offered by Klin et al. (2002) was that decreased gaze to the eyes, and the concomitant increased gaze to the mouth, was a compensatory strategy for increasing one’s understanding of social situations by focusing on language, a strategy revealed in higher socialization domain scores.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBaird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., & Charman, T. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69041-7 · Cited by 2,104
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“As noted, the interaction was structured using the still-face procedure developed by Tronick et al. (1978).”
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“Indeed, other recent longitudinal studies examining diagnostic outcome of at-risk infants have not found any measurable differences at 6 months of age between those infants who were later diagnosed with autism and those who were not (e.g., Landa & Garrett-Mayer, 2006; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).”
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Cited by
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Chawarska, K., Macari, S., & Shic, F. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.022 · Cited by 623
“Consistent with another report of 6-month-olds with ASD (27), no marked differences were found in the distribution of their attention to eyes or mouth.”
Developmental pathways to autism: A review of prospective studies of infants at risk
Jones, E. J. H., Gliga, T., Bedford, R., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.001 · Cited by 607
Infants deploy selective attention to the mouth of a talking face when learning speech
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“mother’s mouth at 6 mo score higher on expressive language, size of vocabulary, and socialization measures at 24 mo of age (42).”
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Visual social attention in autism spectrum disorder: Insights from eye tracking studies
Guillon, Q., Hadjikhani, N. K., Baduel, S., & Rogé, B. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.013 · Cited by 549
Metadata
- Authors
- Young, G. S., Merin, N., Rogers, S. J., & Ozonoff, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Gregory S.
- Venue
- Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-08-11
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 798-814
- ISSN
- 1363-755X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-7687
- PMC
- PMC2732664
- OpenAlex
- W2034621560
- Cited by
- 368
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 9.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068398)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- gaze behavior, eye contact, autism risk, infants, facial scanning, expressive language development, still-face procedure, mother-infant interaction, language outcome prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Affect, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Communication, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Infant, Language Development, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Neuropsychological Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Chi-Square Distribution
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