CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 114

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Networks, Territories, and the Cartography of Ancient States

Smith, Monica L.·2005·Annals of the Association of American Geographers
DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00489.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

With broad lines and dark shading, the cartographic depictions of ancient states and empires convey the impression of comprehensive political entities having firm boundaries and uniform territorial control. These depictions oversimplify the complexities of early state growth, as well as overstating the capacity of central governments to control large territories. Archaeological and textual evidence suggests that ancient states are better understood through network models rather than bounded-territory models. Network approaches enable us to depict competition within and among polities as they grow, the efficient use of nodal points as a focus for political leaders, and the realities of nonoverlapping ritual, social, and economic activities that have an impact on political cohesion. Network maps and bounded-territory representations are compared for the Inka, Mauryan, and Sassanian polities.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00489.x

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 139

  1. Adams , R. M. 1981 . Heartland of cities: Surveys of ancient settlement and land use on the central floodplain of the Euphrates , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  2. 10.1006/jaar.2000.0377 · DOI
  3. Adams , R. M. and Nissen , Hans J. 1972 . The Uruk countryside: The natural setting of urban societies , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  4. Alcock , Susan E. , D'Altroy , Terence N. , Morrison , Kathleen D. and Sinopoli , Carla M. , eds. 2001 . Empires: Perspectives from archaeology and history , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  5. 10.1093/oso/9780195085754.001.0001 · DOI
  6. Allchin , F. R. 1995 . The archaeology of early historic South Asia: The emergence of cities and states , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . with contributions by George Erdosy, R. A. E. Coningham, D. K. Chakrabarti, and Bridget Allchin.
  7. 10.1080/02666030.1985.9628331 · DOI
  8. Archer , Christon I. , Ferris , John R. , Herwig , Holger H. and Travers , Timothy H. E. 2002 . World history of warfare , Lincoln : University of Nebraska .
  9. Aubet , Maria Eugenia. 2001 . The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, colonies and trade, , 2nd ed , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  10. Azevedo , Jane. 1997 . Mapping reality: An evolutionary realist methodology for the natural and social sciences , Albany : State University of New York Press .
  11. 10.4324/9780203202449_chapter_3 · DOI
  12. 10.2307/972222 · DOI
  13. Black , Jeremy. 1997 . Maps and politics , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  14. 10.1086/204471 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Bord , Jean-Pierre. 1995 . “ La carte, outil de manipulation [Maps as manipulation] ” . In La cartographie en débat: Représenter ou convaincre? , Edited by: Cambrézy , Luc and de Maximy , René . 57 – 82 . Paris : Karthala and Orstom . [The cartographic question: Representation or interpretation?]
  16. Budrewicz , Olgierd. 2001 . Antarctica: A territory of no-man's-land . World Press Review , 48 (7) : 35
  17. 10.1126/science.169.3947.733 · DOI
  18. Carneiro , Robert L. 1987 . “ Further reflections on resource concentration and its role in the rise of the state ” . In Studies in the neolithic and urban revolutions , Edited by: Manzanilla , Linda . 245 – 60 . Oxford, , U.K. : British Archaeological Reports International Series 349 .
  19. Casson , Lionel. 1998 . Everyday life in ancient Rome , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . (rev. and expanded ed.).
  20. Chakrabarti , Dilip K. 1992 . Ancient Bangladesh: A study of the archaeological sources , Delhi : Oxford University Press .
  21. Cherry , J. F. 1987 . “ Power in space: Archaeological and geographical studies of the state ” . In Landscape and culture: Geographical and archaeological perspectives , Edited by: Wagstaff , J. M. 145 – 72 . Oxford, , U.K. : Blackwell .
  22. Cherry , J. F. , Davis , J. and Mantzourani , E. 1991 . Landscape archaeology as long-term history , Los Angeles : UCLA Archaeological Publications . Monumenta Archaeologica Series No. 16.
  23. Christaller , Walter. 1966 . Central places in southern Germany , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall . Translated by Carlisle W. Baskin.
  24. Cohen , Ronald. 1978 . “ Introduction ” . In Origins of the state: The anthropology of political evolution , Edited by: Cohen , Ronald and Service , Elman R. 1 – 20 . Philadelphia : Institute for the Study of Human Issues .
  25. Corner , James. 1999 . “ The agency of mapping: Speculation, critique and invention ” . In Mappings , Edited by: Cosgrove , Denis . 213 – 52 . London : Reaktion .
  26. 10.1016/S0278-4165(03)00030-8 · DOI
  27. 10.1191/030913201678580494 · DOI
  28. Cromley , Ellen K. 1999 . “ Mapping spatial data ” . In Mapping social networks, spatial data, and hidden populations , Edited by: Schensul , Jean J. , LeCompte , Margaret D. , Trotter , Robert T. II , Cromley , Ellen K. and Singer , Merrill . 51 – 124 . Walnut Creek, CA : Altamira .
  29. Czerny , Andrzej. 1993 . Cartographic model of reality: Structure and properties , Cracow : Polish Academy of Sciences .
  30. D'Altroy , Terence N. 2001 . “ Politics, resources and blood in the Inka Empire ” . In Empires: Perspectives from archaeology and history , Edited by: Alcock , Susan E. , D'Altroy , Terence N. , Morrison , Kathleen D. and Sinopoli , Carla M. 201 – 26 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  31. Davis , Michael E. 1997 . Reaching for the moon . New Scientist , 155 (2096) : 46
  32. 10.3406/befeo.1992.1814 · DOI
  33. 10.2747/1538-7216.43.8.632 · DOI
  34. 10.1126/science.1081058 · DOI
  35. Donner , Fred. 1999 . “ Muhammad and the Caliphate: Political history of the Islamic empire up to the Mongol conquest ” . In The Oxford history of Islam , Edited by: Esposito , John L. 1 – 61 . Oxford, , U.K. : Oxford University Press .
  36. Douglas , Mary and Isherwood , Baron . 1996 [1979] . The world of goods , London : Routledge .
  37. Dubois , Didier , Ostasiewicz , Walenty and Prade , Henri . 2000 . “ Fuzzy sets: History and basic notions ” . In Fundamentals of fuzzy sets , Edited by: Dubois , Didier and Prade , Henri . 21 – 124 . Boston : Kluwer . · DOI
  38. East , W. Gordon. 1965 . The geography behind history , New York : W.W. Norton .
  39. 10.2307/3097285 · DOI
  40. Feinman , Gary M. and Marcus , Joyce , eds. 1998 . Archaic states , Santa Fe, NM : School of American Research .
  41. Feinman , Gary and Neitzel , Jill . 1984 . “ Too many types: An overview of prestate societies in the Americas ” . In Advances in archaeological method and theory , Edited by: Schiffer , Michael . 39 – 102 . New York : Academic Press . · DOI
  42. 10.1146/annurev.es.03.110172.002151 · DOI · Paper page
  43. 10.1111/j.1931-0846.2000.tb00340.x · DOI
  44. Fried , Morton. 1967 . The evolution of political society , New York : Random House .
  45. Frye , R. N. 1983 . “ The political history of Iran under the Sasanians ” . In The Cambridge history of Iran, , 3(1) , Edited by: Yarshater , Ehsan . 116 – 80 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . · DOI
  46. Fussman , Gerard . 1987–1988 . Central and provincial administration in ancient India: The problem of the Mauryan empire . The Indian Historical Review , 14 (1–2) : 43 – 72 .
  47. Gaffney , Vicent , Stančič , Zoran and Watson , Helen . 1996 . “ Moving from catchments to cognition: Tentative steps toward a larger archaeological context for GIS ” . In Anthropology, space, and geographic information systems , Edited by: Aldenderfer , Mark and Maschner , Herbert D. G. 132 – 54 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  48. Gal , Susan and Irvine , Judith T. 1995 . The boundaries of languages and disciplines: How ideologies construct difference . Social Research , 62 (4) : 967 – 1001 .
  49. Gascon , Alain. 1995 . “ Les cartes, les mythes et la Bible: La manipulation des cartes ethnolinguistiques et religieuses en Éthiopie [Maps, myths and the Bible: Ethnolinguistic and religious boundaries in Ethiopia] ” . In La cartographie en débat: Représenter ou convaincre? , Edited by: Cambrézy , Luc and de Maximy , René . 31 – 46 . Paris : Karthala and Orstom . [The cartographic question: Representation or interpretation?]
  50. Gilchrist , Roberta , ed. 2003 . “ The archaeology of warfare ” . In World Archaeology Vol. 35:1 , Special Issue
  51. Gilman , Antonio. 1995 . “ Prehistoric European chiefdoms: Rethinking ‘Germanic’ societies ” . In Foundations of social inequality , Edited by: Price , T. Douglas and Feinman , Gary M. 235 – 51 . New York : Plenum . · DOI
  52. Glennie , Paul. 1995 . “ Consumption within historical studies ” . In Acknowledging consumption , Edited by: Miller , Daniel . 164 – 203 . London : Routledge .
  53. Golden , Charles W. 2003 . “ The politics of warfare in the Usumacinta Basin: La Pasadita and the realm of Bird Jaguar ” . In Ancient Mesoamerican warfare , Edited by: Brown , M. Kathryn and Stanton , Travis W. 31 – 48 . Walnut Creek, CA : Altamira .
  54. Goody , Jack. 2000 . The power of the written tradition , Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution Press .
  55. 10.1126/science.1088508 · DOI
  56. 10.1111/j.1354-5078.1995.00143.x · DOI
  57. 10.1163/1568520972600829 · DOI
  58. Guentcheva , Rossitva. 1999 . Symbolic geography of language: Orthographic debates in Bulgaria (1880s–today) . Language and Communication , 19 (4) : 355 – 71 .
  59. Haggett , Peter. 1977 . Locational analysis in human geography , New York : Wiley .
  60. Hansen , Mogens Herman. 2000 . “ Introduction: The concepts of city-state and city-state culture ” . In A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures , Edited by: Hansen , Mogens Herman . 11 – 34 . Copenhagen : Copenhagen Polis Center .
  61. Hardt , Michael and Negri , Antonio . 2000 . Empire , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  62. Harley , J. B. 1988 . “ Maps, knowledge and power ” . In The iconography of landscape , Edited by: Cosgrove , Denis and Daniels , Stephen . 277 – 312 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  63. 10.3138/E635-7827-1757-9T53 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Harley , J. B. and Woodward , David , eds. 1987 . The history of cartography , Vol. 1 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  65. Hassan , Fekri A. 1993 . “ Town and village in ancient Egypt: Ecology, society and urbanization ” . In The archaeology of Africa: Food, metals and towns , Edited by: Shaw , Thurstan , Sinclair , Paul , Andah , Bassey and Okpoko , Alex . 551 – 69 . London : Routledge .
  66. Hodder , Ian. 1986 . Reading the past , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  67. Howard-Johnston , James. 1995 . “ The two great powers in late antiquity: A comparison ” . In The Byzantine and early Islamic Near East III: States, resources and armies , Edited by: Cameron , Averil . 157 – 226 . Princeton, NJ : The Darwin Press .
  68. Howell , David L. 2001 . “ Territoriality and collective identity in Tokugawa, Japan ” . In Public spheres and collective identities , Edited by: Eisenstadt , Shmuel N. , Schluchter , Wolfgang and Wittrock , Björn . 105 – 32 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
  69. 10.7560/738522 · DOI · Paper page
  70. Hyslop , John. 1991 . “ Observations about research on prehistoric roads in South America ” . In Ancient road networks and settlement hierarchies in the New World , Edited by: Trombold , Charles D. 28 – 33 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  71. 10.1080/13629379608407564 · DOI
  72. 10.1515/9780804764513 · DOI
  73. Kulke , Hermann and Rothermund , Dietmar . 1998 . A history of India, , 3rd ed , London : Routledge .
  74. 10.1016/B978-0-12-241580-7.50018-8 · DOI
  75. Lock , Gary and Stančič , Zoran , eds. 1995 . Archaeology and geographical information systems: A European approach , London : Taylor and Francis .
  76. 10.1016/S0962-6298(03)00075-1 · DOI
  77. 10.1080/01419870022000025289 · DOI
  78. Marcus , Joyce. 1998 . “ The peaks and valleys of ancient states: An extension of the dynamic model ” . In Archaic states , Edited by: Feinman , Gary M. and Marcus , Joyce . 59 – 94 . Santa Fe, NM : School of American Research .
  79. 10.1023/A:1022919613720 · DOI
  80. 10.1017/CBO9780511511998.003 · DOI
  81. Miller , P. 1995 . “ How to look good and influence people: Thoughts on the design and interpretation of an archaeological GIS ” . In Archaeology and geographical information systems: A European perspective , Edited by: Lock , Gary and Stančič , Zoran . 319 – 33 . London : Taylor and Francis .
  82. Morris , Craig. 1998 . “ Inka strategies of incorporation and governance ” . In Archaic states , Edited by: Feinman , Gary M. and Marcus , Joyce . 293 – 309 . Santa Fe, NM : School of American Research .
  83. Murphy , Alexander B. 1996 . “ The sovereign state system as political-territorial ideal: Historical and contemporary considerations ” . In State sovereignty as social construct , Edited by: Biersteker , Thomas J. and Weber , Cynthia . 80 – 120 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  84. 10.1080/714000938 · DOI
  85. Murray , Jeffrey S. 1987 . The map is the message . The Geographical Magazine , 59 (5) : 237 – 41 .
  86. Niemeyer , Hans Georg. 2000 . “ The early Phoenician city-states on the Mediterranean: Archaeological elements for their description ” . In A comparative analysis of thirty city-state cultures , Edited by: Hansen , Mogens Herman . 89 – 115 . Copenhagen : Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters .
  87. 10.1191/0309132503ph430pr · DOI
  88. Peters , Arno. 1983 . The new cartography , New York : Friendship Press .
  89. 10.2307/3557041 · DOI
  90. Plog , S. , Plog , F. and Wait , W. 1978 . “ Decision making in modern surveys ” . In Advances in archaeological method and theory , Edited by: Schiffer , M. B. Vol. I , 383 – 421 . New York : Academic Press . · DOI
  91. Porter , Barbara Nevling. 2001 . “ The importance of place: Esarhaddon's stelae at Til Barsip and Sam'al ” . In Historiography in the cuneiform world , Edited by: Abusch , Tzvi , Beaulieu , Paul Alain , Huehnergard , John , Machinist , Peter and Steinkeller , Piotr . 373 – 90 . Bethesda, MD : CDL .
  92. Prasad , Prakash Charan. 1977 . Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India , New Delhi : Abhinav Publications .
  93. Reilly , Alexander. 2003 . Cartography and native title . Journal of Australian Studies , 79 : 3 – 14, 217–19 .
  94. Rowlands , Michael. 1994 . “ The politics of identity in archaeology ” . In Social construction of the past: Representation as power , Edited by: Bond , George Clement and Gilliam , Angela . 129 – 43 . London : Routledge .
  95. Rubin , Rehav. 1992 . “ Ideology and landscape in early printed maps of Jerusalem ” . In Ideology and landscape in historical perspective , Edited by: Baker , Alan R. H. and Biger , Gideon . 15 – 30 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  96. Sahlins , Marshall D. 1968 . Tribesmen , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  97. Schiffer , Michael B. 1987 . Formation processes of the archaeological record , Albuquerque : University of New Mexico .
  98. 10.2307/3097284 · DOI
  99. Schofield , Richard. 1994 . “ Borders and territoriality in the Gulf and the Arabian peninsula during the twentieth century ” . In Territorial foundations of the Gulf states , Edited by: Schofield , Richard . 1 – 77 . London : University College .
  100. 10.1080/13629379608407568 · DOI
  101. Shanks , Michael. 1997 . “ Photography and archaeology ” . In The cultural life of images: Visual representation in archaeology , Edited by: Molyneaux , Brian Leigh . 73 – 107 . London : Routledge .
  102. Shanks , Michael and Hodder , Ian . 1995 . “ Processual, postprocessual and interpretive archaeologies ” . In Interpreting archaeology , Edited by: Hodder , Ian , Shanks , Michael , Alexandri , Alexandra , Buchli , Victor , Carman , John , Last , Jonathan and Lucas , Gavin . 3 – 29 . London : Routledge .
  103. Shanks , Michael and Tilley , Christopher . 1987 . Social theory and archaeology , Albuquerque : University of New Mexico .
  104. Shipley , Frederick W. 1998 [1924] . Res Gestae Divi Augusti , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press . trans [Achievements of the Roman Emperor Augustus]
  105. 10.1017/S0003598X00084830 · DOI
  106. Sinopoli , Carla M. 2001 . “ On the edge of empire: Form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty ” . In Empires: Perspectives from archaeology and history , Edited by: Alcock , Susan E. , D'Altroy , Terence N. , Morrison , Kathleen D. and Sinopoli , Carla M. 155 – 78 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  107. 10.1525/9780520936997 · DOI
  108. Smith , Carol A. , ed. 1976a . Regional Analysis. Vol. I, Economic systems , New York : Academic Press .
  109. Smith , Carol A. , ed. 1976b . Regional Analysis. Vol. II, Social systems , New York : Academic Press .
  110. Smith , David M. 1990 . “ Introduction: The sharing and dividing of geographical space ” . In Shared space: Divided space: Essays on conflict and territorial organization , Edited by: Chisholm , Michael and Smith , David M. 1 – 21 . London : Unwin Hyman .
  111. 10.1023/A:1021917318055 · DOI
  112. 10.30861/9781841711973 · DOI
  113. Smith , M. L. 2002 . Territories and corridors: A biological model that explains why we might be overinterpreting state-level interactions in early complex societies . American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting . 2002 , New Orleans.
  114. 10.1017/S0010417500015048 · DOI
  115. 10.1007/BF02229153 · DOI
  116. 10.1023/A:1016698925820 · DOI
  117. 10.1017/S0003598X00083332 · DOI
  118. 10.1353/asi.2003.0051 · DOI
  119. 10.1179/009346996791973990 · DOI
  120. Thapar , Romila. 1997 . Asoka and the decline of the Mauryas, , rev. ed. , Delhi : Oxford University Press .
  121. Thapar , Romila. 2002 . Early India: From the origins to AD 1300 , London : Allen Lane .
  122. 10.1080/014198799329233 · DOI
  123. 10.3362/9781780442761.005 · DOI
  124. Umberger , Emily. 2002 . “ Imperial inscriptions in the Aztec landscape ” . In Inscribed landscapes: Marking and making place , Edited by: David , Bruno and Wilson , Meredith . 187 – 99 . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press .
  125. 10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.002521 · DOI
  126. Van Noten , Francis . 1993 . Splendeur des Sassanides , Bruxelles : Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire . coord, [The wealth of the Sassanians].
  127. 10.1080/0309826022000019936 · DOI
  128. 10.1080/02693799608902098 · DOI
  129. Wenke , Robert J. 1987 . “ Western Iran in the Partho-Sasanian period: The imperial transformation ” . In The archaeology of Western Iran: Settlement and society from prehistory to the Islamic conquest , Edited by: Hole , Frank . 251 – 81 . Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution Press .
  130. 10.1177/1469605304039851 · DOI
  131. Wilkinson , D. 2003 . Civilizations as networks: Trade, war, diplomacy, and command-control . Complexity , 8 (1) : 82 – 86 . · DOI
  132. Winichakul , Thongchai. 1994 . Siam mapped: A history of the geo-body of a nation , Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press .
  133. Wolf , Eric R. 1982 . Europe and the people without history , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  134. Wolpert , Stanley. 1997 . A new history of India, , 5th ed , New York : Oxford University Press .
  135. 10.1038/scientificamerican0593-88 · DOI
  136. Wright , Henry T. 1984 . “ Prestate political formations ” . In On the evolution of complex societies , Edited by: Earle , Timothy . 41 – 78 . Malibu, CA : Undena .
  137. Wright , Henry T. 1986 . “ The evolution of civilizations ” . In American archaeology past and future , Edited by: Meltzer , David , Fowler , Don and Sabloff , Jeremy . 323 – 68 . Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution Press .
  138. Yoffee , Norman. 1993 . “ Too many chiefs? (or, safe texts for the 90s) ” . In Archaeological theory: Who sets the agenda? , Edited by: Yoffee , Norman and Sherratt , Andrew . 60 – 78 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . · DOI
  139. 10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Smith, M. L.
Affiliations
University of California
Venue
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2005-12
Volume
95
Issue
4
Pages
832-849
ISSN
  • 0004-5608
  • 1467-8306
DOI
10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00489.x
Cited by
114
References
0
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review