The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Preschoolers Mistrust Ignorant and Inaccurate Speakers
Open accessAbstract
Being able to evaluate the accuracy of an informant is essential to communication. Three experiments explored preschoolers' (N=119) understanding that, in cases of conflict, information from reliable informants is preferable to information from unreliable informants. In Experiment 1, children were presented with previously accurate and inaccurate informants who presented conflicting names for novel objects. 4-year-olds—but not 3-year-olds—predicted whether an informant would be accurate in the future, sought, and endorsed information from the accurate over the inaccurate informant. In Experiment 2, both age groups displayed trust in knowledgeable over ignorant speakers. In Experiment 3, children extended selective trust when learning both verbal and nonverbal information. These experiments demonstrate that preschoolers have a key strategy for assessing the reliability of information.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Vygotsky, L. S. (1964) · Bulletin of the Orton Society · doi:10.1007/bf02928399 · Cited by 20,704
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-6498 · Cited by 8,149
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305
Meta-Analysis of Theory-of-Mind Development: The Truth about False Belief
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00304 · Cited by 4,476
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5332 · Cited by 1,750
Three-year-olds’ difficulty with false belief: The case for a conceptual deficit
Perner, J., Leekam, S. R., & Wimmer, H. (1987) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1987.tb01048.x · Cited by 1,550
Clark, E. V. (1993) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511554377 · Cited by 1,147
Shatz, M., & Gelman, R. (1973) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165783 · Cited by 872
Trust in Testimony: Children's Use of True and False Statements
Koenig, M. A., Clément, F., & Harris, P. L. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00742.x · Cited by 764
Self-citationIgnorance versus False Belief: A Developmental Lag in Attribution of Epistemic States
Hogrefe, G.-J., Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00228.x · Cited by 688
Cited by
The double-edged sword of pedagogy: Instruction limits spontaneous exploration and discovery
Bonawitz, E., Shafto, P., Gweon, H., Goodman, N. D., Spelke, E., & Schulz, L. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.10.001 · Cited by 730
Lackey, J. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219162.001.0001 · Cited by 688
Richerson, P., Baldini, R., Bell, A. V., Demps, K., Frost, K., Hillis, V., Mathew, S., Newton, E. K., Naar, N., Newson, L., et al. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400106x · Cited by 639
How we know our own minds: The relationship between mindreading and metacognition
Carruthers, P. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09000545 · Cited by 610
The moral, epistemic, and mindreading components of children’s vigilance towards deception
Mascaro, O., & Sperber, D. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.05.012 · Cited by 538
Metadata
- Authors
- Koenig, M. A., & Harris, P. L.
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-03-21
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1261-1277
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2114159790
- Cited by
- 908
- References
- 43
- FWCI
- 24.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Preschoolers Mistrust Ignorant and Inaccurate Speakers. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00849.x
- The paper
- Koenig, M. A., & Harris, P. L. (2005). Preschoolers Mistrust Ignorant and Inaccurate Speakers. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00849.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
