The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Impact of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following exposure to the September 11 attacks on preschool children's behavior
Open accessAbstract
To evaluate whether conjoined maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are associated with increased behavioral problems among terrorism-exposed preschool children (N = 116; 18–54 months), this study compared clinically significant child behavioral problem rates among the preschool children of mothers with PTSD and depression, depression alone, and neither disorder. Behavioral problems were independently rated by mothers and preschool teachers. Maternal depression and PTSD, relative to maternal depression alone, and to neither disorder, were associated with substantially increased child problems. Notably, maternal depression and PTSD were associated with increased emotional reactivity (relative risk [RR] = 5.9 by mother’s and 3.4 by teacher’s reports) and aggressive behavior problems (RR = 11.0 by mother’s and RR = 5.9 by teacher’s reports). This was corroborated by teacher ratings. Implications for intervening with terrorism-exposed preschool children are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Maternal PTSD and depression have been associated with increased emotional and behavioral vulnerability in children, including emotional reactivity and aggression (42).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [42]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733
Zhang, J., & Yu, K. F. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.19.1690 · Cited by 4,138
The Robust Inference for the Cox Proportional Hazards Model
Lin, D. Y., & Wei, L. J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1989.10478874 · Cited by 2,695
Children of depressed parents: An integrative review.
Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.1.50 · Cited by 2,363
Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Bucuvalas, M. J., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa013404 · Cited by 1,905
THE MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL CLASS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
Liberatos, P., Link, B. G., & Kelsey, J. L. (1988) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036030 · Cited by 1,338
The Impact of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development
Murray, L. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x · Cited by 1,089
Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183 · Cited by 1,058
Children and Disaster: Age, Gender, and Parental Effects on PTSD Symptoms
Green, B. L., Korol, M., Grace, M. C., Vary, M. G., Leonard, A. C., Gleser, G. C., & SMITSON-COHEN, S. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199111000-00012 · Cited by 609
Child-Parent Psychotherapy: 6-Month Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial
LIEBERMAN, A. F., GHOSH IPPEN, C., & VAN HORN, P. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000222784.03735.92 · Cited by 452
Calkins, S. D., & Dedmon, S. E. (2000) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1005112912906 · Cited by 411
The Relationship between Post-natal Depression and Mother–Child Interaction
Stein, A. L., Gath, D. H., Bucher, J., Bond, A., Day, A., & Cooper, P. (1991) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.158.1.46 · Cited by 409
The effect of maternal depression on maternal ratings of child behavior
Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T., & Horwood, L. J. (1993) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00917534 · Cited by 373
A cognitive action theory of post-traumatic stress disorder
Chemtob, C. M., Roitblat, H. L., Hamada, R. S., Carlson, J. G., & Twentyman, C. T. (1988) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(88)90006-0 · Cited by 373
Self-citationPreschool Developmental Pathways to Preadolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Problems
Mesman, J., Bongers, I. L., & Koot, H. M. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00763 · Cited by 346
Infant and Toddler Pathways Leading to Early Externalizing Disorders
Shaw, D. S., Owens, E. B., Giovannelli, J. L., & Winslow, E. B. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200101000-00014 · Cited by 345
Barkley, R. A., Shelton, T. L., Crosswait, C., Moorehouse, M., Fletcher, K. E., Barrett, S., Jenkins, L., & Metevia, L. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00616 · Cited by 317
Transgenerational transmission of cortisol and PTSD risk
Yehuda, R., & Bierer, L. M. (2007) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(07)67009-5 · Cited by 306
Self-citationSpecificity of Infants' Response to Mothers' Affective Behavior
Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. Z. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198903000-00016 · Cited by 299
Mothers’ Functioning and Children’s Symptoms 5 Years After a SCUD Missile Attack
Laor, N., Wolmer, L., & Cohen, D. J. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.7.1020 · Cited by 252
Antecedents of problem behaviors in children of depressed mothers
Zahn‐Waxler, C., Iannotti, R. J., Cummings, E. M., & Denham, S. (1990) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000778 · Cited by 245
Breslau, N. (1985) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(85)90079-4 · Cited by 243
Posttraumatic Stress in Children Exposed to Family Violence and Single-Event Trauma
McCloskey, L. A., & WALKER, M. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00023 · Cited by 242
Smith, P. A., Perrin, S. G., Yule, W., & Rabe‐Hesketh, S. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00732 · Cited by 239
Fitting Cox's Proportional Hazards Models from Survey Data
Binder, D. A. (1992) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/79.1.139 · Cited by 228
Richters, J. E., & Pellegrini, D. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130780 · Cited by 217
HIRSHFELD, D. R., Biederman, J., Brody, L. R., Faraone, S. V., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00012 · Cited by 189
Carmody, K. A., & Osofsky, J. D. (2003) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.10050 · Cited by 179
Kılıç, E. Z., Özgüven, H. D., & SAYIL, I. (2003) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00485.x · Cited by 170
Trauma, Proximity, and Developmental Psychopathology: The Effects of War and Terrorism on Children
Pine, D. S., Costello, J. E., & Masten, A. S. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300814 · Cited by 169
Gross, D. A., Fogg, L., Young, M. A., Ridge, A., Cowell, J. M., Richardson, R., & Sivan, A. B. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.3.313 · Cited by 168
Relocation after a Disaster: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Armenia after the Earthquake
Najarian, L. M., Goenjian, A. K., Pelcovttz, D., Mandel, F. S., & Najarian, B. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199603000-00020 · Cited by 164
Renouf, A. G., & Kovács, M. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199402000-00008 · Cited by 149
Childhood Reactions to Terrorism-Induced Trauma: A Review of the Past 10 Years
Fremont, W. P. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200404000-00004 · Cited by 148
Depressed mothers as informants in family history research—Are they accurate?
Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., & Prabucki, K. (1988) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90115-1 · Cited by 130
Resolutions of control episodes between well and affectively ill mothers and their young children
Kochanska, G., Kuczynski, L., Radke‐Yarrow, M., & Welsh, J. D. (1987) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00916460 · Cited by 130
Rates of Seed Harvest by Two Species of Gerbilline Rodents
Kotler, B. P., & Brown, J. S. (1990) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1381798 · Cited by 130
Trauma exposure in pre-school children in a war zone
Thabet, A. A. M., Karim, K., & Vostanis, P. (2006) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.188.2.154 · Cited by 129
Enhanced Priming for Trauma-Related Material in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S. L. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.103 · Cited by 113
Socio-economic status, permanent income, and fertility: A latent-variable approach
Bollen, K. A., Glanville, J. L., & Stecklov, G. (2007) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/00324720601103866 · Cited by 107
Biased emotional attention in post-traumatic stress disorder: a help as well as a hindrance?
Vythilingam, M., Blair, K. S., McCaffrey, D., Scaramozza, M., JONES, M., Nakic, M., Mondillo, K., Hadd, K., Bonne, O. B., Mitchell, D. G. V., et al. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170700092x · Cited by 100
Chemtob, C. M., Nomura, Y., & Abramovitz, R. (2008) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.36 · Cited by 95
Self-citationMichael, T., & Ehlers, A. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.012 · Cited by 84
Clinical Relevance of Biologic Findings in PTSD
Yehuda, R. (2002) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1023/a:1015055711424 · Cited by 75
Self-citationHakulinen, T. R. (1981) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113083 · Cited by 64
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FOOD CHEMISTRY AND PREDATION RISK IN FOX SQUIRRELS
Schmidt, K. A. (2000) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2077:ibfcap]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 60
Vila, G., Witkowski, P., Tondini, M.-C., Pérez-Díaz, F., Mouren, M., & Jouvent, R. (2001) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s007870170042 · Cited by 56
Covell, N. H., Allen, G., Essock, S. M., Pease, E. A., Felton, C. J., Lanzara, C. B., & Donahue, S. A. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.9.1277 · Cited by 54
The Mother-Child Dyad Facing Trauma
Wolmer, L., Laor, N., GERSHON, A., Mayes, L. C., & Cohen, D. J. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200007000-00003 · Cited by 47
Psychological Impact of Terrorism on Children and Families in the United States
Pfefferbaum, B. J., DeVoe, E. R., Stuber, J., Schiff, M., Klein, T. P., & Fairbrother, G. (2005) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1300/j146v09n03_01 · Cited by 45
Post-9/11 helpseeking by New York City parents on behalf of highly exposed young children.
DeVoe, E. R., Bannon, W. M., & Klein, T. P. (2006) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.2.167 · Cited by 35
Affective exchanges between high risk mothers and infants.
Osofsky, J. D., & Eberhart-Wright, A. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 20
Changes in Vegetation and Production of Forage Resulting from Grazing Lowland Prairie
Weaver, J. E., & Darland, R. W. (1948) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1930341 · Cited by 17
An alternative test for trend in exposure-response analysis.
Dosemeci, M., & Bénichou, J. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Remissions in Maternal Depression and Child Psychopathology: A STAR*D-Child Report
Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., Talati, A., Wisniewski, S. R., Fava, M., Hughes, C. W., Garber, J., Malloy, E., King, C. A., et al. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.12.1389 · Cited by 9
(2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Achenbach, 2000, Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles
- Foa, 1995, Manual for the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS)
- Ghosh Ippen, 2002, Traumatic Events Screening Inventory—Parent Report Revised
- Lieberman, 2005, Don’t hit my mommy
- Schechter, 2002,, Negative and distorted maternal attributions among violence-exposed mothers of very young children before and after single-session videofeedback: Are maternal psychopathology and reflective functioning predictive?
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000660 · Cited by 2,462
Child Development in the Context of Disaster, War, and Terrorism: Pathways of Risk and Resilience
Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100356 · Cited by 1,173
Disasters and Their Impact on Child Development: Introduction to the Special Section
Masten, A. S., & Osofsky, J. D. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01452.x · Cited by 284
Maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms and infant emotional reactivity and emotion regulation
Enlow, M. B., Kitts, R. L., Blood, E., Bizarro, A. M., Hofmeister, M., & Wright, R. J. (2011) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.07.007 · Cited by 242
Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Feldner, M. T., Knapp, A. A., Bunaciu, L., Blumenthal, H., & Amstadter, A. B. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.09.001 · Cited by 225
Metadata
- Authors
- Chemtob, C. M., Nomura, Y., Rajendran, K., Yehuda, R., Schwartz, D., & Abramovitz, R.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chemtob, Claude M
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-07-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1129-1141
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC3124807
- OpenAlex
- W1557116257
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 10.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH080062)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- maternal depression, September 11 attacks, terrorism exposure, preschool children, child behavior problems, emotional reactivity, aggression, intergenerational trauma, mother-child relationship
- MeSH terms
- Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Infant, Life Change Events, Male, Maternal Behavior, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, Risk, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Odds Ratio, September 11 Terrorist Attacks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review