The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 4 are not checked yet; 1 of the 56 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Young children who have experienced early adversity are at risk for developing disorganized attachments. The efficacy of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC), an intervention targeting nurturing care among parents identified as being at risk for neglecting their young children, was evaluated through a randomized clinical trial. Attachment quality was assessed in the Strange Situation for 120 children between 11.7 and 31.9 months of age (M = 19.1, SD = 5.5). Children in the ABC intervention showed significantly lower rates of disorganized attachment (32%) and higher rates of secure attachment (52%) relative to the control intervention (57% and 33%, respectively). These results support the efficacy of the ABC intervention in enhancing attachment quality among parents at high risk for maltreatment.
Verified 2026-10-06 · 4 references not checked yet
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Claims the paper makes
33 Not checked yet · 21 Own method · 7 Own result · 6 Own interpretation · 1 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In a recent meta-analysis, Fearon and colleagues (2010) found that disorganized attachment placed children at elevated risk for externalizing problems (d = .34), relative to children with insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant classifications (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment disorganization
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section ‘Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?’ reports elevated risk associated with disorganized attachment (d = 0.34). But the Additional analyses section explains that this effect compares disorganized with non-disorganized children, not specifically with avoidant and resistant children; direct comparisons found only numerically larger effects for disorganization, with overlapping confidence intervals. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children in the ABC intervention showed significantly lower rates of disorganized attachment (32%) and higher rates of secure attachment (52%) relative to the control intervention (57% and 33%, respectively).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 120- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we conducted analyses with children who are between the ages of 12 and 24 months and found that our results held with that smaller sample.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion > Limitations and Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The DEF control intervention does not affect children's attachment outcomes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children in the ABC intervention showed significantly lower rates of disorganized attachment (32%) and higher rates of secure attachment (52%) relative to the control intervention (57% and 33%, respectively).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 120- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, all of the mothers in the current study had been previously identified as being at-risk of maltreating their children.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Carlson found that disorganized attachment at 18 months of age predicted dissociative symptoms during middle school, high school, and early adulthood, based on teacher-report, self-report, and clinical interviews.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment disorganization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carlson, 1998 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Lyons-Ruth et al. (1997) found that disorganized attachment at 18 months predicted teacher-reported externalizing symptoms at age 7 (r = .31).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment disorganization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lyons-Ruth et al. (1997) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Young children who have experienced early adversity are at risk for developing disorganized attachments.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Children who experience early adversity, such as neglect, abuse, exposure to domestic violence, and separations from caregivers, are at increased risk for developing disorganized attachments (Carlson, 1998; Lyons-Ruth, Connell, Zoll, & Stahl, 1987; Stovall-McClough & Dozier, 2004; van IJzendoorn, Schuengel, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 1999).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
In the paper
“The overall effect size of these interventions on disorganized attachment was non-significant (d = .05), although several factors were associated with effect size.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Interventions targeting disorganized attachment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, & Juffer (2005) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Parents’ history of unresolved loss or trauma is predictive of children’s disorganized attachment (Lyons-Ruth & Jabovitz, 2008; Lyons-Ruth, Repacholi, McLeod, & Silva, 1991; Main & Hesse, 1990; van Ijzendoorn, 1995).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment disorganization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lyons-Ruth & Jabovitz, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Lyons-Ruth, Repacholi, McLeod, & Silva, 1991 source
- Not checked yetcites Main & Hesse, 1990
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time children participated in the Strange Situation, they were between the ages of 11.7 and 31.9 months of age (M = 19.1, SD = 5.5).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative to children in the control intervention group, children in the ABC intervention group showed lower rates of disorganized attachments, χ2 (1,120) = 7.60, p < .01.”
- Also stated in: § Primary results · plain
“As can be seen in Table 2, 32% of the ABC children had disorganized attachments, whereas 57% of the DEF children had disorganized attachments.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The DEF control intervention does not affect children's attachment outcomes.
- Rests on an assumption: Strange Situation classifications are valid for children older than 24 months.
- Also stated in: § Primary results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results remained significant when excluding children who were older than 24 months at the time of the Strange Situation, for attachment disorganization, χ2 (1,95) = 5.06, p < .05 (effect size: d = .47), but not for attachment security, χ2 (1,95) = 1.85, p > .05 (effect size: d = .28).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The DEF control intervention does not affect children's attachment outcomes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, children in the ABC intervention group showed significantly higher rates of secure attachment, relative to children in the DEF intervention group, χ2 (1,120) = 4.13, p < .05.”
- Also stated in: § Primary results · plain
“Whereas 52% of children in the ABC intervention group had secure attachments, only 33% of children in the DEF intervention group had secure attachments.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The DEF control intervention does not affect children's attachment outcomes.
- Rests on an assumption: Strange Situation classifications are valid for children older than 24 months.
- Also stated in: § Primary results · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More global parental problems, including parental depression, substance use, and inter-parental discord are also associated with increased incidence of child disorganized attachment (Lyons-Ruth et al., 1991; O’Connor, Sigman, & Brill, 1987; Owen & Cox, 1997; Teti, Messinger, Glefland, & Isabella, 1995); however, these findings are mixed and less substantial than associations with attachment state”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment disorganization
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Following treatment, 54% of high-risk infants had disorganized attachments, compared with 70% of the untreated, high-risk infants and 34% of the untreated, community infants. The effect size of this difference in disorganized attachment between high-risk children who received intervention services versus those that did not was small (d = .30) (Bakermans-Kranenburg et al., 2005).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Interventions targeting disorganized attachment
What the sources say
plaincorrelationaln = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Regarding sample characteristics, effects were larger for interventions for families with infants older than 6 months of age and for families in which the risk resided primarily in the child, rather than the parent.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Interventions targeting disorganized attachment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bakermans-Kranenburg et al., 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Attachment quality was evaluated when children were 13 months, but no significant differences were found for attachment security or attachment organization. Percent of children with disorganized attachment was in the unexpected direction, with 40%, 30%, and 20% in the first intervention group (VIPP), second intervention group (VIPP-R), and control group, respectively (VIPP effect size: d = −.41;”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Interventions targeting disorganized attachment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bakermans-Kranenburg and colleagues (1998)
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of 31 children in the intervention group assessed in the Strange Situation, 13% were classified as disorganized, whereas 27% of the 22 children in the control group were classified as disorganized (effect size: d = .36).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Interventions targeting disorganized attachment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heinicke and colleagues (1999)
plaindirectn = 31- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“First, the intervention was designed to be relatively brief, completed in 10 sessions, as suggested by a meta-analysis conducted by Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, and Juffer (2003), which found that attachment-based interventions with a small to moderate number of sessions were more effective than longer interventions (> 16 sessions).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, and Juffer (2003)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, infants with disorganized attachments are not buffered from stress in such ways; rather, they show stress reactive responses in the form of elevated cortisol (Bernard & Dozier, in press; Hertsgaard, Gunnar, Farrell, Erickson, & Nachmias, 1995; Spangler & Grossman, 1993) or sympathetic nervous system reactivity (Oosterman, De Schipper, Fisher, Dozier, & Schuengel, 2010).”
- Also stated in: § Attachment disorganization · plain
“Luijk and colleagues (2010) found that children with disorganized attachments did not show heightened cortisol reactivity, but did show more blunted diurnal patterns of cortisol production relative to children with organized attachment.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment disorganization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernard & Dozier, in press
- Not checked yetcites Hertsgaard, Gunnar, Farrell, Erickson, & Nachmias, 1995
- Not checked yetcites Oosterman, De Schipper, Fisher, Dozier, & Schuengel, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Attachment disorganization · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Treatment manualization is considered an important factor in treatment integrity and treatment effectiveness, both in general (Weisz, Jensen-Doss, & Hawley, 2006) and in interventions targeting disorganized attachment (Bakermans-Kranenburg et al., 2005).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Intervention
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There were no significant effects on attachment security or attachment organization. Of the children in the intervention group, 41% were classified as disorganized, compared with 19% in the control group, resulting in an effect in the unexpected direction (d = −.49).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Interventions targeting disorganized attachment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Egeland & Erickson (1993)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although parental insensitivity alone is predictive of insecure, but organized, attachment patterns (De Wolff & van IJzendoorn, 1997), insensitivity alone is not strongly associated with disorganized attachment (van IJzendoorn et al., 1999).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment disorganization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Wolff & van IJzendoorn, 1997
- Not checked yetcites van IJzendoorn et al., 1999 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Main and Hesse (1990), children develop disorganized attachments as the result of being frightened of the person to whom they look for reassurance.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment disorganization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Main & Hesse, 1990
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The intervention appeared effective in both reducing rates of disorganized attachment (change from disorganized attachment at pre-test to organized attachment at post-test) and protecting children from developing disorganized attachments (preventing change from organized attachment at pre-test to disorganized attachment at post-test).”
- Also stated in: § Interventions targeting disorganized attachment · plain
“At post-test, 20 percent of children in the intervention group were classified as disorganized, compared with 56.3 percent of children in the control group (effect size: d = .79).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Interventions targeting disorganized attachment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moss and colleagues (in press)
plaindirectn = 32- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Interventions targeting disorganized attachment · plain
In the paper
“Both intervention groups (i.e., infant-parent psychotherapy and psychoeducational parenting intervention) showed significantly lower rates of disorganized attachment at post-intervention assessments, compared to community standard (treatment as usual) and normative (non-maltreating) control groups, with medium to large effect sizes (d = .84 – 1.13).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Interventions targeting disorganized attachment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti, Rogosch, and Toth (2006) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Given that frightening parental behavior has been identified as a predictor of disorganized attachment (Schuengel et al, 1999), it seemed particularly important to help parents not engage in behavior that might be threatening.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedure
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two coders, blind to other study information, classified the videos.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This approach for grouping children classified as disorganized and children classified as “cannot classify” has been used previously (e.g., Behrens, Hesse, & Main, 2007).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Behrens, Hesse, & Main, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The primary coder (Initials omitted for blind review) had attended the 2-week course at the University of Minnesota and passed the reliability test (reaching at least 80% agreement with expert coders).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After consenting, parents were randomly assigned to receive either the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Intervention or a control intervention (Developmental Education for Families: DEF).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Developmental Education for Families sessions was of the same duration (10 hour-long sessions) and frequency (weekly) as the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up intervention.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure that any results were not attributable to our inclusion of older children in this study, we conducted analyses excluding children older than 24 months of age, in addition to analyses that included all children.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interventions were of the same duration and frequency.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attachment classifications were unrelated to child and parent demographic variables.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Strange Situation has been validated for use with children between 12 and 18 months of age (Ainsworth et al., 1978), with some investigations extending this age to 24 months (e.g., Dozier et al., 2001; Steele, Murphy, & Steele, 2010; see Cyr et al., 2010).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion > Limitations and Conclusion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we did not have access to families’ records, and we were therefore limited to reports of conditions by the referring agency. Additionally, these reports were incomplete and subject to differential caseworker reporting habits.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, these characteristics will support the feasibility of dissemination into the community.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children randomly assigned to the ABC intervention did not differ significantly from children assigned to the DEF intervention with regard to age at enrollment, age at Strange Situation, gender, or minority status. Similarly, there were no group differences in parent age, parent education, or parent minority status.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“New skills were expected to generalize better if conditions more closely approximated their typical conditions (Bouton, Woods, Moody, Sunsay, & Garcia-Gutierrez, 2006).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bouton, Woods, Moody, Sunsay, & Garcia-Gutierrez, 2006
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the effectiveness of the intervention was tested through a randomized trial.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Components that involve parental sensitivity to child cues were excluded in our version of the intervention so as to keep the interventions distinct.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we did not examine possible effects of the comparison intervention: Developmental Education for Families (DEF).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion > Limitations and Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, we used the Strange Situation Procedure to measure children’s attachment classifications in this study.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two coders agreed on 85% of the videos for 4-way classifications (k = .74), 92% of secure/insecure classifications, and 87% for organized/disorganized classifications (k = .76).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children that experience adversity early in life may fail to signal their needs clearly (Stovall & Dozier, 2000; Stovall-McClough & Dozier, 2004), making it difficult for parents to respond sensitively.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stovall & Dozier, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Stovall-McClough & Dozier, 2004
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disagreements were resolved by conference. Alan Sroufe was called in to conference on those that were especially difficult.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the intervention is manualized, specific activities take into account child’s developmental level.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the children included in this study, 60 were randomly assigned to receive the ABC intervention, and 60 were randomly assigned to receive the control (DEF) intervention.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary results
plainn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All sessions were videotaped, allowing assessments of fidelity to the manual.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Often, parents struggle to provide sensitive care when they did not experience sensitive care themselves (Kovan, Chun, & Sroufe, 2009; van IJzendoorn, 1995).”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Procedure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovan, Chun, & Sroufe, 2009
- Not checked yetcites van IJzendoorn, 1995 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second of the two coders was Elizabeth Carlson, an expert in coding Strange Situations and, along with Alan Sroufe, the coding trainer for Strange Situations. Elizabeth Carlson coded 34% of the videos.”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, maltreating parents and parents who have experienced unresolved trauma often behave in frightening ways with their children (Lyons-Ruth et al., 2005; Main & Hesse, 1990)”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Discussion > Potential Mediators of Intervention Effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lyons-Ruth et al., 2005 source
- Not checked yetcites Main & Hesse, 1990
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Caregivers of children with early adversity frequently do not have the means to give sensitive care, and in the absence of treatment they tend to keep exposing the child to harmful conditions instead of therapeutic parenting.
“Parents whose children have experienced early adversity, however, are unlikely to have the resources to provide such care; without intervention, they often continue to expose children to adverse conditions rather than provide them with “therapeutic” parenting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Strange Situation is the gold standard method for assessing children's attachment.
“Given the strong psychometric properties and observational structure of the assessment, the Strange Situation Procedure has been considered the “gold standard” method for assessing children’s attachment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DEF control intervention does not affect children's attachment outcomes.
“Finally, we did not examine possible effects of the comparison intervention: Developmental Education for Families (DEF).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Strange Situation classifications are valid for children older than 24 months.
“Second, our use of the Strange Situation Procedure to assess attachment beyond 24 months extends beyond the range for which the procedure has been validated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Making parents aware of their automatic responses helps them recognize and override insensitive, controlling, or frightening behaviors.
“By becoming aware of their automatic ways of responding to their children (“voices from the past”), parents became better able to recognize when they responded in insensitive, controlling, and/or frightening ways.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Frequent positive in-the-moment feedback reinforces skills, supports parents, and enhances the parent-trainer relationship.
“This frequent and positive “in the moment” feedback was expected to reinforce skills and ideas being discussed, support the parents’ efforts, and enhance the relationship between the parent and parent-trainer.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Several previous intervention attempts have been ineffective or long-term.
“This is particularly exciting given that several previous intervention attempts have either been ineffective or long-term.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Previous research has highlighted effective components of early intervention programs.
“Building on previous research highlighting effective components of early intervention programs, the current program was short-term and focused on specific behavioral targets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of mothers is representative of mothers and young children who receive child protective services and are at risk for abuse and neglect.
“Second, all of the mothers in the current study had been previously identified as being at-risk of maltreating their children. Therefore, the results of this study seem generalizable to mothers and young children who receive child protective services and are at risk for abuse and neglect.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Results indicated that children in the ABC treatment had lower rates of disorganized attachment (d = .52) and higher rates of secure attachment (d = .38) posttreatment relative to children in the other intervention despite having comparable rates of attachment insecurity pretreatment (Bernard et al., 2012).”
From Relational Interventions for Maltreated Children (2017) · cites this paper as Bernard et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Bernard et al. (2012) have previously shown that the ABC intervention was effective in enhancing attachment security.”
From Intervening to enhance cortisol regulation among children at risk for neglect: Results of a randomized clinical trial (2015) · cites this paper as Bernard et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Given that the effectiveness of the ABC intervention has now been demonstrated on both behavioral outcomes (i.e., attachment organization, Bernard et al., 2012; cognitive flexibility, Lewis-Morrarty, Dozier, Bernard, Terracciano, & Moore, 2012) and biological outcomes”
From Intervening to enhance cortisol regulation among children at risk for neglect: Results of a randomized clinical trial (2015) · cites this paper as Bernard et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Preliminary results
“Fifty children (42%) were classified as secure (B)”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Results > Primary results
“Whereas 52% of children in the ABC intervention group had secure attachments, only 33% of children in the DEF intervention group had secure attachments.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“25 were Biracial (20%)”
§ Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial > Method > Participants
Reported 20 · recomputed 20.833333
Citations
Cites
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Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
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“Often, parents struggle to provide sensitive care when they did not experience sensitive care themselves (Kovan, Chung, & Sroufe, 2009; van IJzendoorn, 1995).”
BackgroundAttachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention.
Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (1990) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 2,161
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Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood
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- Heinicke, 1999, Relationship-based intervention with at-risk mothers: Outcome in the first year of life, Infant Mental Health Journal, 20, 349, 10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199924)20:4<349::aid-imhj1>3.0.co;2-x · DOI
- Lyons-Ruth, 2008, Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical implications, 666
- Main, 1990, Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention, 161
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bernard, K., Dozier, M., Bick, J., Lewis-Morrarty, E., Lindhiem, O., & Carlson, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- University of Delaware
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bernard, Kristin
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-03-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 623-636
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC3305815
- OpenAlex
- W2121953174
- Semantic Scholar
- 3e4e4c3301fe96d7de3a442b519a4475d8b47f1e
- Cited by
- 430
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 44.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH084135, R01MH052135, R01MH074374)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up, disorganized attachment, secure attachment, child abuse, child neglect, childhood adversity, nurturing care, parent intervention, attachment quality, young children, Strange Situation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child Abuse, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Education, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Life Change Events, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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