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Cited by 29Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Therapy and DevelopmentPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

A randomized controlled trial comparing parent child interaction therapy - toddler, circle of security– parenting™ and waitlist controls in the treatment of disruptive behaviors for children aged 14–24 months: study protocol

Open access
Kohlhoff, Jane, Cibralic, Sara, Wallace, Nancy, Morgan, Susan, McMahon, Cathy, Hawkins, Erinn, Eapen, Valsamma, Briggs, Nancy +2 more·2020·BMC Psychology
DOI 10.1186/s40359-020-00457-7PMC PMC7457749
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Abstract

Background: It is common for toddlers to display disruptive behaviors (e.g., tantrums, aggression, irritability) but when these become severe and persistent they can be the start of a trajectory towards poor outcomes in childhood and adolescence. Parent Child Interaction Therapy - Toddler is an intervention model designed to meet the specific developmental needs of toddlers aged 12–24 months presenting with disruptive behaviors. Methods: This study will use a randomized controlled design to evaluate the efficacy of the Parent Child Interaction Therapy - Toddler intervention for children aged 14–24 months with disruptive behaviors. Ninety toddlers with parent-reported disruptive behavior will be randomly allocated to either Parent Child Interaction Therapy - Toddler, Circle of Security– Parenting™ or a waitlist control group. Key parenting capacity outcome variables will include positive and negative parenting, parenting sensitivity, parental sense of competence in managing negative toddler emotions, parent sense of caregiving helplessness, parent mentalizing about the child, parent emotion regulation, child abuse potential and parental stress. Key outcome variables for children will include child social-emotional functioning (initiative, relationship functioning, self-regulation), child emotion regulation, child attachment security, and child behavior. Discussion: Delivered in the early intervention period of toddlerhood, Parent Child Interaction Therapy - Toddler has the potential to bring about significant and lasting changes for children presenting with early onset behavioral issues. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), 12618001554257. Registered 24 September 2018 – retrospectively registered.

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Crossref · 10.1186/s40359-020-00457-7

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83 of 83 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The study was registered with ANZCTR (registration number 12618001554257) and delivered in accord with a published protocol.

    “The study was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR registration number: 12618001554257) and was delivered in accord with a published protocol [50, 53].”

    From Optimizing parenting and child outcomes following parent–child interaction therapy – toddler: a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [50]

    The Abstract’s Trial registration section gives the ANZCTR number 12618001554257, and this source is the published study protocol. Its Methods describe planned procedures, but a protocol cannot establish that the study was subsequently delivered in accord with those plans. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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  • These results confirm those of the one previous controlled study testing outcomes of PCIT-T.

    “These results confirm those of the one previous controlled study testing outcomes of PCIT-T [50, 53, 54]”

    From Optimizing parenting and child outcomes following parent–child interaction therapy – toddler: a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [50]

    The Background reports positive outcomes from a previous randomized waitlist-controlled PCIT-T study. But this cited paper is a protocol that reports those findings, not the completed controlled study itself; it cannot serve as that study when the citation is used to identify it. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In keeping with previous PCIT-T outcome studies, PCIT-T led to a range of positive changes in child functioning.

    “In keeping with previous PCIT-T outcome studies [50, 51, 53, 54], PCIT-T also led to a range of positive changes in child functioning.”

    From Optimizing parenting and child outcomes following parent–child interaction therapy – toddler: a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [50]

    The Background reports earlier PCIT-T studies finding improvements in toddler behavior and reduced child externalizing behavior, supporting the reference to positive child outcomes. But this source is a study protocol reporting those earlier results, not itself a previous PCIT-T outcome study; its own child outcomes are hypotheses (Study aims and hypotheses). (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Taken together, results build on previous PCIT-T outcome studies to highlight PCIT-T as an effective early parenting intervention program.

    “Taken together, results build on previous PCIT-T outcome studies [50–54] to highlight PCIT-T as an effective early parenting intervention program.”

    From Optimizing parenting and child outcomes following parent–child interaction therapy – toddler: a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [50]

    The Background reports positive findings from earlier PCIT-T outcome studies, including improvements in parenting and child behavior. But this source is a study protocol, not an outcome study itself; its Discussion says the current study will evaluate the intervention’s effectiveness, and its Background notes limitations in the existing evidence. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • At 4-month follow-up after completion of PCIT-T treatment, gains in key parent and child domains were maintained.

    “When the sample was followed up 4-months after the completion of PCIT-T treatment, the gains in these key parent and child domains were maintained [50, 53].”

    From Optimizing parenting and child outcomes following parent–child interaction therapy – toddler: a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [50]

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Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 84 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [2]Campbell SB Spieker S Burchinal M Poe MD The NICHD early child care research Network. Trajectories of aggression from toddlerhood to age 9 predict academic and social functioning through age 12 J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006 47 8 791 800 16898993
  2. [51]Johnson N. Maternal psychological maturity, Parenting and Toddler Regulation. Macquarie University ResearchOnline; 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/1067211. Accessed 10 Aug 2020.
  3. [52]Eyberg SM Nelson MM Ginn NC Bhuiyan N Boggs SR Dyadic parent–child interaction coding system (DPICS), 4th edition (DPICS-IV) comprehensive manual for research and training 2013 Gainesville PCIT International

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Authors
Kohlhoff, J., Cibralic, S., Wallace, N., Morgan, S., McMahon, C., Hawkins, E., Eapen, V., Briggs, N., Huber, A., & McNeil, C.
Affiliations
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
  • Macquarie University (AU)
  • Griffith University (AU)
  • West Virginia University (US)
Corresponding author
Kohlhoff, Jane
ORCID
Venue
BMC Psychology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-08-31
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
93-93
ISSN
2050-7283 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s40359-020-00457-7
PMC
PMC7457749
OpenAlex
W3082505017
Cited by
29
References
84
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
FWCI
1.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
UNSW-Karitane Academic Partnership (n/a)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords
Circle of Security Parenting, disruptive behavior, toddlers, tantrums, parenting support, parenting sensitivity, parental stress, child emotion regulation, children's self-regulation, attachment security, early intervention, child aggression
MeSH terms
Problem Behavior, Australia, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Parenting

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