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Rough-and-Tumble Play and the Development of the Social Brain
Abstract
Social play—that is, play directed toward others—is a readily recognizable feature of childhood. In nonhuman animals, social play, especially seemingly competitive rough-and-tumble play or play fighting, has been the most studied of all forms of play. After several decades of study, researchers of play fighting in laboratory rats have pieced together the rudiments of the neural mechanisms that regulate the expression of this behavior in the mammalian brain. Furthermore, the understanding of the organization, development, and neural control of play in rats has provided a model with which to examine how the experiences accrued during play fighting can lead to organizational changes in the brain, especially those areas involved in social behavior.
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“ARC plays an important role in plasticity and learning, and rough-and-tumble play behavior has been associated with the development and maturation of neural circuits in the amygdala (33).”
From Puberty Blocker, Leuprolide, Reduces Sex Differences in Rough-and-Tumble Play and Anxiety-like Behavior in Juvenile Rats (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Firstly, like most social mammals, rats exhibit social play, commonly referred to as play-fighting, or rough-and-tumble play (Pellis & Pellis, 2007), which is ideal for comparative research.”
From Play in Rats: Association across Contexts and Types, and Analysis of Structure (2014) · cites this paper as Pellis & Pellis, 2007
In the citing paper
“Laboratory rats display spontaneous play fighting, which seems to have important role in the development of social skills-like coping with aggressive individuals.105,106”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [105]
Citations
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“Therefore, the theoretical framework proposing the facilitative role of rough play in early social development, such as the evolutionary account of dominance hierarchy (Fletcher et al., 2013; Pellis & Pellis, 2007), warrants further examination using longitudinal data obtained in multiple contexts.”
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Ma, L., & Lillard, A. S. (2017) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-017-0285-y · Cited by 12
“Although pretend play is uniquely human in its flexibility, both humans and nonhuman animals engage in a particular activity that could be seen as pretend-play-like: play fighting (Boulton, 1996; Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
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Trevor, A. J. B., Park, H. W., Howard, A. M., & Kemp, C. C. (2009) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/robot.2009.5152589 · Cited by 12
“Recent evidence based on studies of play in rats has shown that, at least in rats, play does have an effect on the development of the brain [21] [22] [11].”
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“In the rat, play behavior can be distinguished from other forms of behavior based on the target of “attacks”, with the nape of the neck being the primary target of play compared to more posterior targets for aggressive behaviors (Pellis & Pellis, 1987, 2007).”
BackgroundPlaying practices in school-age childcare: : An action research project in Sweden and England
Kane, E. (2015) · DiVA (Stockholm University) · Cited by 12
The Relationship between Father–Child Rough-and-Tumble Play and Children’s Working Memory
Freeman, E. E., & Robinson, E. L. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9070962 · Cited by 16
“Furthermore, these findings add to the previous animal studies showing links between RTP and the PFC [15,17,18].”
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Young Children's Play Fighting and Use of War Toys
Hart, J., & Tannock, M. T. (2013) · USC Research Bank (University of the Sunshine Coast) · Cited by 11
Shi, Y., Cai, K., Zhu, H., Dong, X., Xiong, X., Zhu, L., Sun, Z., & Chen, A. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11093843 · Cited by 11
“Fun and more complex sports (especially those that involve learning and teamwork) may have different effects than simple sports [78].”
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Feleihi, S., Abedanzadeh, R., & Saemi, E. (2022) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2022.2074981 · Cited by 12
“…Sani, 2020; McGarty et al., 2021; Taneja et al., 2002), its potential in fostering social growth and development has been constantly emphasized (Bergen & Fromberg, 2009; Brown, 2009; Department for Children Schools & Families and Department for Culture Media & Sport, 2008; Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
BackgroundAnthropology of the Brain: Consciousness, Culture, and Free Will
Bartra, R. (2014) · Cited by 11
Effects of pre-pubertal social experiences on the responsiveness of juvenile rats to predator odors
Siviy, S. M. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.004 · Cited by 11
“Future studies should address the extent to which specific types of social contact, such as play (Wilson, 2001, Pellis and Pellis, 2007), can account for the modulatory effects being observed with a predatory threat.”
Integrating Rough-and-Tumble Play in Martial Arts: A Practitioner’s Model
Mickelsson, T. B., & Stylin, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731000 · Cited by 18
“RTP is a concept that entails social playing that has been coined “play fighting” (Pellis and Pellis, 2007).”
BackgroundHamamcı, B., & Dağal, A. B. (2021) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2021.1990906 · Cited by 21
“Pellis and Pellis (2007) explained the role of rough and tumble play in emotion regulation and cognitive processing based on the neural mechanism.”
BackgroundSiviy, S. M., McDowell, L. S., Eck, S. R., Turano, A., Akopian, G. K., & Walsh, J. P. (2015) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000191 · Cited by 10
“Indeed, there is compelling evidence that removing the opportunity to play can have a number of adverse consequences on later behavior and social/emotional functioning (Van den Berg et al., 1999; Spinka et al., 2001; Pellis and Pellis, 2007), as well as cognitive functioning (Baarendse et al.”
Siviy, S. M. (2020) · International Journal of Play · doi:10.1080/21594937.2020.1721024 · Cited by 10
“Working with common outbred strains of rat has yielded a trove of data that has been indispensable for providing an overall picture of how the brain may be modulating play and beginning to delineate some of the putative functions of play (Pellis & Pellis, 2007, 2009; Vanderschuren & Trezza, 2014).”
BackgroundEarly life maternal sociality predicts juvenile sociality in blue monkeys
González, N. T., & Cords, M. (2019) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23039 · Cited by 9
“Play with peers also develops adult behavioral competence by helping individuals to learn appropriate social responses to novel and/or competitive social stimuli (Bell, Pellis, & Kolb, 2010; Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
BackgroundEmmerson, M. G., Spencer, K. A., & Brown, G. R. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21906 · Cited by 9
“Social interactions during adolescence have been hypothesised to have long-term effects on social competence (Pellis & Pellis, 2007), defined as the ability of an individual to respond appropriately to social cues (Taborsky & Oliveira, 2012), and, in human beings, positive social interactions…”
BackgroundELEKTRONİK SPORLAR: REKREASYONEL ETKİNLİK PERSPEKTİFTEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Yayla, Ö., & Güven, Y. (2020) · Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.16953/deusosbil.546080 · Cited by 9
Most, C. A., & Strum, S. C. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21973 · Cited by 9
Jang, Y., & Hong, Y.-J. (2020) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2020.1858819 · Cited by 9
“Studies of animals have shown that body-moving play fighting promotes the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), an area of the brain that is known to be involved in social discrimination and decision making (Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
BackgroundJuvenile Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae) form sibling subgroups during social integration
Kohn, G. M., Nugent, M., & Dail, X. (2022) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22262 · Cited by 9
Towards an inversion of the deficit model of intervention in children's play
Wragg, M. (2013) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/1350293x.2013.789197 · Cited by 14
“…of emotional resilience and well-being (Pellis and Pellis 2007), virtues highly prized by child development experts and policymakers alike, but is also a behaviour concerned far more with socialisation and cooperation than it is with violence or aggression (Hughes 2012; Pellis and Pellis 2007).”
BackgroundSocial environment as a factor affecting exploration and learning in pre-juvenile rats
Modlińska, K., Stryjek, R., Chrzanowska, A., & Pisula, W. (2018) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2018.05.010 · Cited by 9
“Subsequent developmental stages in mammals are characterised by a wider range of tactile stimulation sources involved in social play with peers, which in juvenile individuals often takes the form of playfighting (Pellegrini & Perlmutter, 1988; Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
Kadir, M. R., Irfanuddin, I., Fediani, Y., Santoso, B., & Dewi, M. R. (2018) · Bioscientia Medicina Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research · doi:10.32539/bsm.v2i3.57 · Cited by 10
Including Playful Aggression in Early Childhood Curriculum and Pedagogy
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“Pellis and Pellis (2007) determined that rats reared in isolation displayed a significant deficit: they lacked the ability to calibrate movements with other rats, which provided foundational support of failure to develop emotional and cognitive skills.”
BackgroundInfluentialNot All Children Grow Up the Same
Trawick‐Smith, J. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119148104.ch2 · Cited by 10
Garcia, M., Aubron, V., Salla, J., Hanne‐Poujade, S., Teymoori, A., & Michel, G. (2019) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21866 · Cited by 7
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Balkaya, M., & Çatak, G. (2016) · International series on computer entertainment and media technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29904-4_2 · Cited by 7
Oxytocin facilitates human touch-induced play behavior in rats
Hayashi, H., Tateishi, S., Inutsuka, A., Maejima, S., Hagiwara, D., Sakuma, Y., Onaka, T., Grinevich, V., & Sakamoto, H. (2025) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.05.034 · Cited by 6
“29,30 Since rats emit 50 kHz USVs during social play, this suggests that rough-and-tumble play provides pleasant touch sensation.”
Soriano, A. I., Drago, M., Vinyoles, D., & Maté, C. (2021) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2021.1902811 · Cited by 6
“These skills can then be translated into a social context under which individuals need to properly orient themselves in relation to their conspecifics during play (Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
BackgroundKesäläinen, J., Suhonen, E., Alijoki, A., & Sajaniemi, N. K. (2022) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2022.2080202 · Cited by 18
“It might; play that is physical and not aggressive should not necessarily be limited, as it can enhance the development of self-regulation (Carlson, 2011b; Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
BackgroundEffects of neonatal handling on play and anxiety in F344 and Lewis rats
Siviy, S. M. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21622 · Cited by 6
“…since removing the opportunity to play in young rats can have a number of adverse consequences on later behavior and social/emotional functioning (Pellis & Pellis, 2007; Spinka, Newberry, & Bekoff, 2001; Van den Berg et al., 1999) aswell as cognitive functioning (Baarendse, Counotte, O'Donnell,…”
Effects of chlordiazepoxide on predator odor-induced reductions of playfulness in juvenile rats
Siviy, S. M., Steets, C. L., & DeBrouse, L. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.09.026 · Cited by 6
“Although play appears to be important for social and behavioral development [23] [37] [48] [49], it is still easily disrupted by homeostatic challenges [2] [4] [44] and other non-specific stressors [38] [41] [50].”
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“In this line the Rough and Tumble Play (RTP) is a method which can be understood as a “fighting game” (Pellis & Pellis, 2007), characterized by vigorous and physical behaviours accompanied by positive emotions between the participants.”
MethodTrauma’s Neurobiological Toll: Implications for Clinical Work With Children
Zilberstein, K. (2014) · Smith College Studies in Social Work · doi:10.1080/00377317.2014.924251 · Cited by 7
“Interactive play also aids growth of the orbital frontal cortex, which coordinates social activities (Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
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“Given that experiments with animals also revealed the relationship between physical play and the social brain [28], these results showed that there is a relationship between the movement behaviors of children and other aspects of development.”
BackgroundBrincar na perspectiva psicoetológica: implicações para pesquisa e prática
Otta, E. (2017) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/0103-656420160122 · Cited by 7
ATEE Spring Conference 2020-2021
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“…& Pellegrini, 2000; Blurton Jones, 1972; Boulton & Smith, 1992; Golombok & Hines, 2004; Hines, 2004a, 2004b; Humphreys & Smith, 1987; Jarvis, 2006; Maccoby, 1998; Pellegrini, 1988, 2003; Pellegrini, Dupuis, & Smith, 2007; Pellegrini & Smith, 1998; Pellis & Pellis, 2007; Smith & Lewis, 1985).”
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“Interestingly, individuals have also shown increased stress when deprived of play (Pellis and Pellis, 2007).”
BackgroundKrižalkovičová, Z., Szabó, P., Kumli, K., Štefanovský, M., Makai, A., & Szentpéteri, J. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1457515 · Cited by 6
“In mammals the rough and tumble play with parents and among peers reflects similar characteristics to combat sports (Pellis and Pellis, 2007; Blomqvist and Stylin, 2021; Palagi et al., 2016; Fletcher et al., 2011), particularly judo, because the fight lasts until one party is defeated and is on the…”
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“However, the play is merely mimicking violent themes and actions by demonstrating restrained movements (Fry, 1987) and a lack of intent to harm (Hart & Tannock, 2013b; Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialEvolution of human language: duetting as part of prosociality and cognition
Kaplan, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1004384 · Cited by 7
“Whatever one might call the effects of play: they are now recognized as generating positive emotions (rats: Panksepp, 2005; Pellis and Pellis, 2007; Vanderschuren et al., 2016; ravens: Osvath and Sima, 2014; primates: Loizos, 2017).”
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“…since removing the opportunity to play in young rats has been shown to have a number of adverse consequences on later behavior and social/emotional and cognitive functioning (Baarendse et al. 2013; Pellis and Pellis 2007; Spinka et al. 2001; Van den Berg et al. 1999a; Van den Berg et al. 1999b).”
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“Riskli oyunların çocukların sosyal gelişimine destek sağladığı, sosyal gelişimi ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğu başka kaynaklarda da vurgulanmaktadır (Route, 2012; Kleppe, 2018; Pellegrini, 1988; Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
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Johnson, V. (2017) · Cited by 1
The brain at play: neural substrates of social play behaviour in adolescent rats
van Kerkhof, L. W. M. (2013) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 1
The Relation of Impulsivity and Obesity: A Neuroimaging Analysis
Ng, J. (2012) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon) · Cited by 1
MacKay, J. C. (2016) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-5621 · Cited by 1
“Social play during adolescence is an important component for the development of adult social behavior (Einon & Morgan, 1977; Pellis & Pellis, 2007).”
Smart, C. L. (2013) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester) · Cited by 1
Efeitos da separação materna sobre o desenvolvimento de respostas sociais em ratos
Gehm, T. P. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.47.2018.tde-05022018-150751 · Cited by 1
Play Based Natural Environments and Language Development in Young Children
Beatson, J. (2020) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 1
Tivey, E. K. L., Martin, J., Brown, S. M., Bishop, V. R., Bombail, V., Lawrence, A. B., & Meddle, S. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4472769/v1 · Cited by 1
Videospellen: de positieve effecten
Granic, I., Lobel, A., Poppelaars, M., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2015) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/s12453-014-0066-8 · Cited by 2
A Study for Playful Product Design
Hong, Z. (2012)
Risky play in Icelandic preschools
Wilkinson, R. (2015) · Skemman
FEAR, FUN, AND THE BOUNDARIES OF SOCIAL EXPERIENCE
Worthman, C. M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511711879.033
Behavior in the Virtual Environment
Kool, V. K., & Agrawal, R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45333-0_5
Emmerson, M. G. (2017) · St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)
Foley, G. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818466-0.00020-4
Reynolds, H. (2019) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University)
Parents' Understandings of and Involvement in Children's Free-Play
Stenberg, K. (2018) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3rn30q18
Martins, G. W., Chagas, G. S., Patrício, F. C., Lira, A. D. O., Fragoso, J., Santos, A. B., & Leandro, C. G. (2020) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104151
Irfannuddin, I., Siagian, M., Jusman, S. W. A., Purba, J. S., Ilyas, E. I. I., & Ibrahim, N. (2020) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2020.3840
“In human, persons who often play structured games were able to adapt better than persons who practice in the form of simple exercise such as a treadmill or stationary bike [10].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Pellis, S. M., & Pellis, V. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Lethbridge (CA)
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 95-98
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2101602470
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- rough-and-tumble play, play fighting, social play, social brain, social behavior development, laboratory rats, competitive play, brain organization
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