Play fighting and the development of the social brain: The rat’s tale
Abstract
The benefits gained by young animals engaging in play fighting have been a subject of conjecture for over a hundred years. Progress in understanding the behavioral development of play fighting and the underlying neurobiology of laboratory rats has produced a coherent model that sheds light on this matter. Depriving rats of typical peer-peer play experience during the juvenile period leads to adults with socio-cognitive deficiencies and these are correlated with physiological and anatomical changes to the neurons of the prefrontal cortex, especially the medial prefrontal cortex. Detailed analysis of juvenile peer play has shown that using the abilities needed to ensure that play fighting is reciprocal is critical for attaining these benefits. Therefore, unlike that which was posited by many earlier hypotheses, play fighting does not train specific motor actions, but rather, improves a skill set that can be applied in many different social and non-social contexts. There are still gaps in the rat model that need to be understood, but the model is well-enough developed to provide a framework for broader comparative studies of mammals from diverse lineages that engage in play fighting.
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Depriving rats of social play behaviour during development results in impairments in the social, emotional and cognitive domains.
“Indeed, depriving rats of social play behaviour during development results in impairments in the social, emotional and cognitive domains (Vanderschuren and Trezza 2014; Pellis et al. 2023).”
From Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia (2025) · cites this paper as Pellis et al. 2023
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Endocrine and Energetic Mediation of Play Behavior in Free-Living Belding's Ground Squirrels
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Environmental influences on play behaviour in immature gelada baboons
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Self-citationRough-and-Tumble Play Behavior in Fischer-344 and Buffalo Rats: Effects of Social Isolation
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Reinhart, C. J., Pellis, S. M., & McIntyre, D. C. (2004) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20016 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationPlay, variation in play and the development of socially competent rats
Himmler, S. M., Himmler, B. T., Pellis, V. C., & Pellis, S. M. (2016) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003307 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationKisko, T. M., Euston, D. R., & Pellis, S. M. (2015) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.01.016 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationSharing playful mood: rapid facial mimicry in Suricata suricatta
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The Neurobiology of Brain and Behavioral Development
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Effects of domestication on brain structure and behavior in mammals
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Evolving a Playful Brain: A Levels of Control Approach
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Do juvenile rats use specific ultrasonic calls to coordinate their social play?
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Self-citationAvoiding escalation from play to aggression in adult male rats: The role of ultrasonic calls
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Self-citationBehavioral Variability in the Service of Constancy
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Exploration and Play in the Behavioural Development of the Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen
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Self-citationPlay behavior and responses to novel situations in juvenile ground squirrels
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The effects of social deprivation on levels of social play in the laboratory rat Rattus norvegicus
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The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in regulating interanimal coordination of movements.
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Self-citationAdolescent social rejection alters pain processing in a CB1 receptor dependent manner
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Play and the Development of Social Engagement: A Comparative Perspective
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Self-citationDevelopmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play
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The Development of Strain Typical Defensive Patterns in the Play Fighting of Laboratory Rats
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Self-citationThe development of socio-sexual behavior in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) under human care
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Self-citationPlay behaviour, not tool using, relates to brain mass in a sample of birds
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The distribution of play behaviour among Australian marsupials
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Play matters: the surprising relationship between juvenile playfulness and anxiety in later life
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Measuring play fighting in rats: a multilayered approach
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Self-citationOn Weapons, Combat, and Ecology
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Domestication and the Role of Social Play on the Development of Sociocognitive Skills in Rats
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Self-citationA systematic review of sex differences in rough and tumble play across non-human mammals
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The modulation of play fighting in rats: Role of the motor cortex.
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Self-citationFighting, nonagonistic social behavior, and exploration in isolation-reared rats
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Self-citationUnsupervised discovery of behaviorally relevant brain states in rats playing hide-and-seek
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Play in Rats: Association across Contexts and Types, and Analysis of Structure
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Self-citationA naturalistic method to test depression: Anticipation of play
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What do you hear what do you say? Ultrasonic calls as signals during play fighting in rats
Burke, C. J., Euston, D. R., & Pellis, S. M. (2020) · International Journal of Play · doi:10.1080/21594937.2020.1720126 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationPlay fighting social networks do not predict injuries from later aggression
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Self-citationThe distribution of play behaviour among Australian marsupials
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Self-citationSexual and aggressive play fighting of sibling Richardson’s ground squirrels
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Self-citationPlay like me: Similarity in playfulness promotes social play
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Self-citationPinning in the Play Fighting of Rats: A Comparative Perspective With Methodological Recommendations
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Building executive function in pre-school children through play: a curriculum
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The neurobiology of social play behaviour: Past, present and future
Achterberg, E. J. M., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105319 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia
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“Alongside its pleasurable properties, social play is thought to contribute to the development of brain and behaviour (Panksepp et al. 1984; Graham and Burghardt 2010; Vanderschuren and Trezza 2014; Pellis et al. 2023).”
Orsucci, I. C., Becker, K. D., Ham, J. R., Lee, J. D. A., Bowden, S. M., & Veenema, A. H. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115080 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationHam, J. R., Iwaniuk, A. N., & Pellis, S. M. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116198 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., Ham, J. R., & Stark, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Lethbridge (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Pellis, Sergio M.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-02
- Volume
- 145
- Pages
- 105037
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4313561537
- Semantic Scholar
- 535b631680e0a26eb89259858bbefea2d79dfe67
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 219
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16
- FWCI
- 22.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (2018-03706)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- play fighting, social brain, social cognition, social deprivation, medial prefrontal cortex, reciprocal behavior, social behavior development, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Mammals, Neurons, Play and Playthings, Social Behavior, Prefrontal Cortex, Rats
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