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The Wick in the Candle of Learning: Epistemic Curiosity Activates Reward Circuitry and Enhances Memory
Abstract
Curiosity has been described as a desire for learning and knowledge, but its underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We scanned subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they read trivia questions. The level of curiosity when reading questions was correlated with activity in caudate regions previously suggested to be involved in anticipated reward. This finding led to a behavioral study, which showed that subjects spent more scarce resources (either limited tokens or waiting time) to find out answers when they were more curious. The functional imaging also showed that curiosity increased activity in memory areas when subjects guessed incorrectly, which suggests that curiosity may enhance memory for surprising new information. This prediction about memory enhancement was confirmed in a behavioral study: Higher curiosity in an initial session was correlated with better recall of surprising answers 1 to 2 weeks later.
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“M. J. Kang, Hsu, Krajbich, Loewenstein, McClure, Wang, and Camerer (2009) found that the higher participants rated their curiosity about a question answered incorrectly, the more likely they were to recall the correct answer on a surprise test two weeks later.”
From The benefit of generating errors during learning (2014) · cites this paper as M. J. Kang, Hsu, Krajbich, Loewenstein, McClure, Wang, and Camerer (2009)
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“Curiosity has been shown to follow an inverted-U-shaped function of confidence in the prediction (e.g., Kang et al., 2009).”
From Predicting as a learning strategy (2021) · cites this paper as Kang et al., 2009
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“The diversity of interpretations of learning progress comes from the fact that learning progress is a simple heuristic: If curiosity is a desire for knowledge (Kang et al., 2009), curious humans should focus on options that maximize what they learn.”
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Ketonen, E., Kruskopf, M., Lonka, K., & Mattlin, M. (2026) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-025-09771-2 · Cited by 1
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More Time and Effort, Same Curiosity: Expected Effort Does Not Impact Curiosity
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“Thus, replicating prior work, people are willing to engage in time-consuming tasks to satisfy their curiosity (e.g., Kang et al., 2009) — reflecting curiosity ’ s motivational force.”
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ПРАВДА И ФЕЙК В АКСИОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ РАКУРСЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЦИФРОВОГО МЕДИАРЕСУРСА)
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Cities, Psychosis, and Social Defeat
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Stout, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108695374.005 · Cited by 1
Liminal Brains in Uncertain Futures
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“For example, according to Kang et al. (2009), intrinsic motivation arising from curiosity and motivation emerging through extrinsic incentives activates the same neural circuits in the brain.”
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Edgework: Viewing curiosity as fundamentally relationalPreprint
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“In the former, curiosity is the drive to fill an information gap, to find the piece of knowledge that is currently missing in a mental model [5, 63].”
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Christensen, A. P., Cardillo, E. R., & Chatterjee, A. K. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hsefj · Cited by 1
“…orbitofrontal and ventromedial pre-frontal cortex) after increased activity in these regions might re fl ect the evaluation of the mismatch resolution, which could be the result of acquiring desired knowledge or disengaging from the artwork (Jepma et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2009; Kesner, 2014).”
Music Cognition from Birth to Adolescence: A Structuralist ApproachPreprint
Nikolsky, A. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dkpsj · Cited by 2
Chen, X., Twomey, K. E., Westermann, G., & Hayes, M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/asqkj · Cited by 1
Meliß, S., & Murayama, K. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521819 · Cited by 1
“, 2021) and long (Duan et al., 2020; Fastrich et al., 2018; Gruber et al., 2014; Halamish et al., 2019; Kang et al., 2009; Marvin & Shohamy, 2016; Murayama & Kuhbandner, 2011; Swirsky et al., 2021) delays between encoding and retrieval.”
İnan, İ. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90913-0_115 · Cited by 1
Conceptual Expansion Induced by Analogical Reasoning Sparks “Aha” MomentsPreprint
Chesebrough, C., Chrysikou, E. G., Holyoak, K. J., Zhang, Z., & Kounios, J. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/uqcsr · Cited by 1
Bluemke, M., Engel, L., Grüning, D. J., & Lechner, C. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kq5a2 · Cited by 1
Urban, A. (2022) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/94264 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kang, M. J., Hsu, M., Krajbich, I. M., Loewenstein, G., McClure, S. M., Wang, J. T.-Y., & Camerer, C. F.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 963-973
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2104225738
- Cited by
- 882
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 14.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Educational Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Keywords
- curiosity, caudate nucleus, reward anticipation, trivia questions, memory enhancement, surprise, resource allocation, waiting time, token allocation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Arousal, Attention, Brain, Caudate Nucleus, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Frontal Lobe, Globus Pallidus, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motivation, Oxygen, Putamen, Reading, Mental Recall, Reward, Prefrontal Cortex, Parahippocampal Gyrus, Young Adult
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