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Growth of the normal skull vault and its alteration in craniosynostosis: insights from human genetics and experimental studies
Open accessAbstract
The mammalian skull vault is constructed principally from five bones: the paired frontals and parietals, and the unpaired interparietal. These bones abut at sutures, where most growth of the skull vault takes place. Sutural growth involves maintenance of a population of proliferating osteoprogenitor cells which differentiate into bone matrix‐secreting osteoblasts. Sustained function of the sutures as growth centres is essential for continuous expansion of the skull vault to accommodate the growing brain. Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of the cranial sutures, occurs in 1 in 2500 children and often presents challenging clinical problems. Until a dozen years ago, little was known about the causes of craniosynostosis but the discovery of mutations in the MSX2 , FGFR1 , FGFR2 , FGFR3 , TWIST1 and EFNB1 genes in both syndromic and non‐syndromic cases has led to considerable insights into the aetiology, classification and developmental pathology of these disorders. Investigations of the biological roles of these genes in cranial development and growth have been carried out in normal and mutant mice, elucidating their individual and interdependent roles in normal sutures and in sutures undergoing synostosis. Mouse studies have also revealed a significant correspondence between the neural crest–mesoderm boundary in the early embryonic head and the position of cranial sutures, suggesting roles for tissue interaction in suture formation, including initiation of the signalling system that characterizes the functionally active suture.
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“The higher genetic load associated with coronal synostosis is likely to reflect the distinct embryological origin of the coronal suture, at the boundary between the developing frontal bone (neural crest origin) and parietal bone (cephalic mesoderm).8,40”
From Craniosynostosis (2011) · cites this paper as [40]
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“The incidence of single suture synostosis increased noticeable constant in recent years. Moreover, there is a dynamic change in the frequency of the different subtypes of this clinical picture at the same time [21–24].”
From Developments in diagnostic and surgical techniques in children with sagittal suture craniosynostosis: a systematic review spanning the last 30 years (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
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Recent advances in craniofacial morphogenesis
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Self-citationFGF23 and its role in X-linked hypophosphatemia-related morbidity
Beck‐Nielsen, S. S., Zulf Mughal, M., Haffner, D., Nilsson, O., Levtchenko, E. N., Ariceta, G., Collantes, C. D. L., Schnabel, D., Jandhyala, R., & Mäkitie, O. (2019) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-019-1014-8 · Cited by 295
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Self-citationStem cells of the suture mesenchyme in craniofacial bone development, repair and regeneration
Maruyama, T., Jeong, J., Sheu, T., & Hsu, W. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10526 · Cited by 258
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“Mutations are most frequent in FGFR2, followed by FGFR3 and TWIST, and least frequent in FGFR1 and EFNB1.(52,53) In Rotterdam, DNA testing of the FGFR1, 2, 3, and TWIST genes was performed during several years in all patients with a craniosynostosis, except those with an isolated scaphocephaly.”
BackgroundCraniosynostosis - Recognition, clinical characteristics, and treatment
Kajdic, N., Spazzapan, P., & Velnar, T. (2017) · Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences · doi:10.17305/bjbms.2017.2083 · Cited by 213
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Self-citationGunz, P., Neubauer, S., Golovanova, L., Doronichev, V., Maureille, B., & Hublin, J.-J. (2012) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.11.013 · Cited by 197
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“If a suture ossifies prematurely during times of rapid brain expansion, this often leads to compensatory growth, both in other sutures and by remodeling of other parts of the skull (Morriss-Kay and Wilkie, 2005).”
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“Various craniosynostosis syndromes are caused by activating mutations in FGFR1 – 3 and result in premature fusion of the cranial sutures (Britto et al., 2001; Cohen, 2000; Morriss-Kay and Wilkie, 2005; Wilkie, 1997, 2000).”
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Kawasaki, K., Buchanan, A. V., & Weiss, K. M. (2009) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134242 · Cited by 157
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BackgroundGenetic advances in craniosynostosis
Lattanzi, W., Barba, M., Di Pietro, L., & Boyadjiev, S. A. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38159 · Cited by 129
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Understanding craniosynostosis as a growth disorder
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Miller, K. A., Twigg, S. R. F., McGowan, S. J., Phipps, J. M., Fenwick, A. L., Johnson, D., Wall, S. A., Noons, P., Rees, K. E. M., Tidey, E. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104215 · Cited by 121
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“It is hypothesized that FGF signals drive the progress of the OFs, and that suture patency is controlled, at least in part, by the influence of an FGF gradient on the balance between osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, with aberrant FGF signaling triggering a switch from Fgfr2 expression and proliferation to…”
InfluentialCraniofacial Development: Neural Crest in Molecular Embryology
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Self-citationEarly Brain Vulnerability in Wolfram Syndrome
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“The major expansion of the cranial vault is driven by brain growth early in childhood until all of the cranial sutures fuse (around age 6), at which point ICV changes only very slowly [67,68].”
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“Craniosynostosis, a syndrome of premature fusion of cranial sutures, affects 1 in 2500 live births.((1,2)) This condition results in facial deformity and restricted brain growth, with challenging clinical management that often requires multiple corrective surgeries.”
BackgroundInfluentialClinical dividends from the molecular genetic diagnosis of craniosynostosis
Wilkie, A. O. M., Bochukova, E. G., Hansen, R. M. S., Taylor, I. B., Rannan‐Eliya, S. V., Byren, J. C., Wall, S. A., Ramos, L. M., Venâncio, M., Hurst, J. A., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31366 · Cited by 105
Self-citationCopy-Number Variations Involving the IHH Locus Are Associated with Syndactyly and Craniosynostosis
Klopocki, E., Lohan, S., Brancati, F., Koll, R., Brehm, A., Seemann, P., Dathe, K., Stricker, S., Hecht, J., Bosse, K., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.006 · Cited by 104
Unravelling the molecular control of calvarial suture fusion in children with craniosynostosis
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“This feature of the metopic suture may be explained by the finding in rodents that the frontal suture (equivalent to the metopic suture in humans) is populated by neural crest derived mesenchyme and separates the frontal bones, also of neural crest origin, while the other sutures are a juxtaposition of neural crest an…”
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Closing the Gap: Genetic and Genomic Continuum from Syndromic to Nonsyndromic Craniosynostoses
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“Over the last two decades, the search for genetic mutations underlying NSC has focused on ‘‘hotspots’’ of genes that are known to cause syndromic craniosynostosis [21].”
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“Whilemilder formsof craniosynostosismay only involve abnormal skull and/or facial shapes, more severe forms can lead to high intracranial pressure, airway impairments, brain abnormalities, blindness, deafness, seizures anddeath [23–32].”
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Ishii, M., Sun, J., Ting, M.-C., & Maxson, R. E. (2015) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.004 · Cited by 95
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“If premature fusion or craniosynostosis occurs at any 1 of the 6 sutures in the human skull, developmental problems may result (5, 16, 17).”
BackgroundOsterix/Sp7 limits cranial bone initiation sites and is required for formation of sutures
Kague, É., Roy, P. R., Asselin, G., Hu, G. B., Simonet, J. C., Stanley, A. K., Albertson, R. C., & Fisher, S. (2016) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.011 · Cited by 92
“It is generally thought that mutations that accelerate osteoblast differentiation lead to craniosynostosis, while those that delay differentiation are associated with delayed bone growth and open fontenelles (Morriss-Kay and Wilkie, 2005).”
BackgroundMicro-CT for Biological and Biomedical Studies: A Comparison of Imaging Techniques
Keklikoglou, K., Arvanitidis, C., Chatzigeorgiou, G., Chatzinikolaou, E., Karagiannidis, E., Κoletsa, T., Magoulas, A., Makris, K., Mavrothalassitis, G., Papanagnou, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging7090172 · Cited by 92
“Craniosynostosis, the premature ossification of the cranial sutures, is a potentially lethal disease affecting approximately 1 in 2500 newborns [99].”
BackgroundInterpretation of skeletal variations for human risk assessment: delayed ossification and wavy ribs
Carney, E. W., & Kimmel, C. A. (2007) · Birth Defects Research Part B Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1002/bdrb.20133 · Cited by 92
Roybal, P. G., Wu, N. L., Sun, J., Ting, M.-C., Schafer, C. A., & Maxson, R. E. (2010) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.04.007 · Cited by 89
“…skull is a complex and as yet poorly understood process that involves an exquisitely controlled series of migratory and proliferative events, as well as the specification and differentiation of osteogenic and chondrogenic cells among others (Chai and Maxson, 2006; Morriss-Kay and Wilkie, 2005).”
BackgroundInsights into Morphology and Disease from the Dog Genome Project
Schoenebeck, J. J., & Ostrander, E. A. (2014) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-012927 · Cited by 89
“Approximately 80% of craniosynostosis cases are nonsyndromic, and estimates suggest that only 28% of cases can be assigned a genetic diagnosis ( Justice et al. 2012, Morriss-Kay & Wilkie 2005).”
BackgroundFunctional craniology and brain evolution: from paleontology to biomedicine
Bruner, E., de la Cuétara, J. M., Masters, M., Amano, H., & Ogihara, N. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00019 · Cited by 87
Clinical dividends from the molecular genetic diagnosis of craniosynostosis†
Wilkie, A. O. M., Bochukova, E. G., Hansen, R. M. S., Taylor, I. B., Rannan‐Eliya, S. V., Byren, J. C., Wall, S. A., Ramos, L. M., Venâncio, M., Hurst, J. A., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31905 · Cited by 87
Self-citationVora, S. R., Camci, E. D., & Cox, T. C. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00417 · Cited by 83
“…on the cranial vault and specifically the calvarial sutures as their premature fusion, termed craniosynostosis, is a relatively common presentation in the pediatric population (∼1 in 2500 live births) and is associated with significant cranioskeletal deformity (Morriss-Kay and Wilkie, 2005).”
BackgroundActivation of p38 MAPK pathway in the skull abnormalities of Apert syndrome Fgfr2+P253R mice
Wang, Y., Sun, M., Uhlhorn, V. L., Zhou, X., Peter, I., Martínez‐Abadías, N., Hill, C. A., Percival, C. J., Richtsmeier, J. T., Huso, D. L., et al. (2010) · BMC Developmental Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-213x-10-22 · Cited by 83
“The cellular mechanisms underlying craniosynostosis have been investigated using other mouse models [47,48].”
BackgroundImpact of genetics on the diagnosis and clinical management of syndromic craniosynostoses
Agochukwu, N. B., Solomon, B. D., & Muenke, M. (2012) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s00381-012-1756-2 · Cited by 85
“With the genetic testing available today, a genetic cause can be identified for 45 % of patients with craniosynostosis [56, 72, 106].”
BackgroundSkeletal analysis of the Fgfr3P244R mouse, a genetic model for the Muenke craniosynostosis syndrome
Twigg, S. R. F., Healy, C., Babbs, C., Sharpe, J. A., Wood, W. G., Sharpe, P. T., Morriss‐Kay, G. M., & Wilkie, A. O. M. (2008) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.21790 · Cited by 85
Self-citationPrx1 and 3.2kb Col1a1 promoters target distinct bone cell populations in transgenic mice
Ouyang, Z., Chen, Z., Ishikawa, M., Yue, X., Kawanami, A., Leahy, P. S., Greenfield, E. M., & Murakami, S. (2013) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2013.10.016 · Cited by 82
“Cranial bones grow by the apposition of bone tissue at the cranial suture [27].”
BackgroundThe Intertwined Evolution and Development of Sutures and Cranial Morphology
White, H., Goswami, A., & Tucker, A. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.653579 · Cited by 80
“For example, the sagittal and interfrontal sutures develop at the midline between the cerebral hemispheres and olfactory lobes and the lambdoid suture develops between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum (Morriss-Kay and Wilkie, 2005).”
BackgroundMechanism of skull suture maintenance and interdigitation
Miura, T., Perlyn, C. A., Kinboshi, M., Ogihara, N., Kobayashi‐Miura, M., Morriss‐Kay, G. M., & Shiota, K. (2009) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01148.x · Cited by 81
“Premature fusion of the skull bones causes clinical problems because it prevents the normal expansion of the skull that is required to accommodate the growing brain (Cohen & MacLean, 2000; Morriss-Kay & Wilkie, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBehr, B., Longaker, M. T., & Quarto, N. (2010) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.06.009 · Cited by 80
“Among these cases, the FGFR3 related Muenke syndrome is the most common one, followed by the TWIST related Saethre–Chotzen syndrome (Morriss-Kay and Wilkie, 2005).”
BackgroundModelling human skull growth: a validated computational model
Libby, J., Marghoub, A., Johnson, D., Khonsari, R. H., Fagan, M. J., & Moazen, M. (2017) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2017.0202 · Cited by 80
“It is widely accepted that various genetic and epigenetic factors regulate bone formation at the sutures [3-5], with one of the key driving factors for skull growth being provided by the rapidly expanding brain [6-8].”
Reconsidering the evolution of brain, cognition, and behavior in birds and mammals
Willemet, R. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00396 · Cited by 83
Cranial shape and size variation in human evolution: structural and functional perspectives
Bruner, E. (2007) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s00381-007-0434-2 · Cited by 79
“Interestingly, because of the impossibility of using a similar experimental approach on the human cranial matrix, relevant evidence comes from the artificial cranial deformations deriving from cultural and ethnic practices or from the craniosynostotic individuals [4, 5, 33, 47, 49].”
BackgroundCrouzon with acanthosis nigricans. Further delineation of the syndrome
Arnaud-Lopez, L., Fragoso, R., Mantilla-Capacho, J. M., & Barros‐Núñez, P. (2007) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00884.x · Cited by 78
“Marked mental retardation (MR) has been described in CS patients (21), and some authors have postulated that MR, associated with craniosynostosis, may be caused by physical damage or malformation of the primary brain (22).”
BackgroundPredicting Skull Loading: Applying Multibody Dynamics Analysis to a Macaque Skull
Curtis, N., Kupczik, K., O’Higgins, P., Moazen, M., & Fagan, M. J. (2008) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.20689 · Cited by 76
Yen, H.-Y., Ting, M.-C., & Maxson, R. E. (2010) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.08.010 · Cited by 75
“Each is known to function during osteogenic differentiation and has been implicated in craniosynostosis (Morriss-Kay and Wilkie, 2005).”
BackgroundSenarath-Yapa, K., Chung, M. T., McArdle, A., Wong, V., Quarto, N., Longaker, M. T., & Wan, D. C. (2012) · Organogenesis · doi:10.4161/org.23307 · Cited by 75
“Importantly, while suture mesenchyme from PF, SAG, and coronal sutures all share a common neural crest origin, only the PF suture in mice and rats fuses in a predictable manner.(3,19)”
Cellular dynamics and tissue interactions of the dura mater during head development
Gagan, J., Tholpady, S. S., & Ogle, R. C. (2007) · Birth Defects Research Part C Embryo Today Reviews · doi:10.1002/bdrc.20104 · Cited by 74
Holmes, G., Gonzalez-Reiche, A. S., Lü, N., Zhou, X., Rivera, J., Kriti, D., Sebra, R., Williams, A. A., Donovan, M. J., Potter, S. S., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107871 · Cited by 70
Evaluation of the infant with an abnormal skull shape
Cunningham, M. L., & Heike, C. L. (2007) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e3282f1581a · Cited by 72
The origin of the stapes and relationship to the otic capsule and oval window
Thompson, H., Ohazama, A., Sharpe, P. T., & Tucker, A. S. (2012) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.23831 · Cited by 71
Heuzé, Y., Boyadjiev, S. A., Marsh, J. L., Kane, A. A., Cherkez, E., Boggan, J. E., & Richtsmeier, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01258.x · Cited by 73
“…craniosynostosis syndromes (Apert, Crouzon, Pfeiffer, and Saethre-Chotzen syndromes) (Muenke et al. 1994; Hollway et al. 1997), but a role for these genes in NSC has not yet been identified (Sakai et al. 2001; Boyadjiev et al. 2002; Zeiger et al. 2002; Morriss-Kay & Wilkie, 2005; Boyadjiev, 2007).”
BackgroundHolmes, G., & Basilico, C. (2012) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.05.026 · Cited by 68
Heterochrony and patterns of cranial suture closure in hystricognath rodents
Wilson, L. A. B., & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2009) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01031.x · Cited by 68
“Sutures maintain an approximately similar width, whereas the cranial vault expands to accommodate the developing brain (Opperman, 2000; Morriss-Kay & Wilkie, 2005).”
BackgroundCranial sutures work collectively to distribute strain throughout the reptile skull
Curtis, N., Jones, M. E. H., Evans, S. E., O’Higgins, P., & Fagan, M. J. (2013) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0442 · Cited by 67
“Sutures are sites of appositional bone growth [4,6,9–12] and are crucial in the developing skull, where their premature fusion can lead to abnormal growth [13–18].”
BackgroundCalvarial Versus Long Bone: Implications for Tailoring Skeletal Tissue Engineering
Wang, D. M., Gilbert, J. R., Zhang, X., Zhao, B., Ker, D. F. E., & Cooper, G. M. (2019) · Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews · doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0353 · Cited by 72
“95 In addition to its roles mentioned above, sutures also serve as future sites for intramembranous bone growth.”
Skeletal stem and progenitor cells maintain cranial suture patency and prevent craniosynostosis
Menon, S., Salhotra, A., Shailendra, S., Tevlin, R., Ransom, R. C., Januszyk, M., Chan, C. K. F., Behr, B., Wan, D. C., Longaker, M. T., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24801-6 · Cited by 66
Paumard‐Hernández, B., Berges‐Soria, J., Barroso, E., Rivera-Pedroza, C. I., Pérez‐Carrizosa, V., Benito‐Sanz, S., López-Messa, E., Santos, F., García‐Recuero, I., Romance, A. I., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.205 · Cited by 65
Schmidt, M. J., Kampschulte, M., Enderlein, S., Gorgas, D., Lang, J., Ludewig, E., Fischer, A., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Schaubmar, A. R., Failing, K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.14805 · Cited by 65
Kallmann’s syndrome, a neuronal migration defect
Cariboni, A., & Maggi, R. (2006) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5604-3 · Cited by 65
Cranial sutures: a multidisciplinary review
Ieva, A. D., Bruner, E., Davidson, J. M., Pisano, P., Haider, T. T., Stone, S. S. D., Cusimano, M. D., Tschabitscher, M., & Grizzi, F. (2013) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s00381-013-2061-4 · Cited by 70
“All calvarial sutures are initiated at a juxtaposition line between neural crest and mesoderm, excluding the metopic suture, which is entirely within the neural crest [18].”
BackgroundInfluentialCraniosynostosis and maternal smoking
Carmichael, S. L., Ma, C., Rasmussen, S. A., Honein, M. A., Lammer, E. J., & Shaw, G. M. (2008) · Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology · doi:10.1002/bdra.20426 · Cited by 62
Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts
Ji, Y., Garland, M. A., Sun, B. H., Zhang, S., Reynolds, K., McMahon, M., Rajakumar, R., Islam, M. S., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., et al. (2020) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.1768 · Cited by 66
“However, if only the differentiation of CNCCs is disrupted, a dysmorphic cranial shape may occur (Morriss-Kay & Wilkie, 2005).”
BackgroundNormal human craniofacial growth and development from 0 to 4 years
Liang, C., Profico, A., Buzi, C., Khonsari, R. H., Johnson, D., O’Higgins, P., & Moazen, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36646-8 · Cited by 64
Sun, J., Ishii, M., Ting, M.-C., & Maxson, R. (2013) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.085225 · Cited by 57
“The mammalian skull vault consists of a group of intricately patterned bones that develop in close coordination (Morriss-Kay and Wilkie, 2005; Chai and Maxson, 2006).”
BackgroundRegulation of bone morphogenetic protein signalling and cranial osteogenesis by Gpc1 and Gpc3
Dwivedi, P. P., Grose, R., Filmus, J., Hii, C. S. T., Xian, C. J., Anderson, P. J., & Powell, B. C. (2013) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2013.04.013 · Cited by 59
“Mutations involving these pathways account formost craniosynostoses where there is a known genetic cause; about 20% of all craniosynostoses [1,10].”
BackgroundEpigenetics in evolution and disease
Esteller, M. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61887-5 · Cited by 61
Further Analysis of the Crouzon Mouse: Effects of the FGFR2C342Y Mutation Are Cranial Bone–Dependent
Liu, J., Nam, H. K., Wang, E., & Hatch, N. E. (2013) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-013-9701-2 · Cited by 58
“Each craniosynostosis syndrome involves the premature fusion of specific cranial sutures with resultant characteristic skull and facial shapes [3, 4, 12].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Morriss‐Kay, G. M., & Wilkie, A. O. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- ORCID
- Wilkie, Andrew O. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Anatomy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-11
- Volume
- 207
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 637-653
- ISSN
- 0021-8782 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7580
- PMC
- PMC1571561
- OpenAlex
- W1607201914
- Cited by
- 483
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Anatomy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › dental development and anomalies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Keywords
- craniosynostosis, cranial sutures, osteoprogenitor cells, osteogenic differentiation, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, Msx2, TWIST1, ephrin-B1, skull development, mouse model, syndromic craniosynostosis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cranial Sutures, Craniosynostoses, Genes, Homeobox, Humans, Mice, Mutant Strains, Morphogenesis, Mutation, Skull, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Fetal Development, Mice
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