The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 13 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: a 15‐year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes
Open accessAbstract
Background: There has been increasing interest in the distinction between subthreshold and full syndrome disorders and specifically whether subthreshold conditions escalate or predict the onset of full syndrome disorders over time. Most of these studies, however, examined whether a single subthreshold condition escalates into the full syndrome form of that disorder. Equally important, though, is whether subthreshold conditions are likely to develop other full syndrome disorders and whether these associations are maintained after adjusting for comorbidity. Methods: A 15‐year longitudinal study of subthreshold psychiatric conditions was conducted with 1,505 community‐drawn young adults. We examined whether 1) subthreshold major depression, bipolar, anxiety disorders, alcohol use, substance use, conduct disorder and/or ADHD were precursors for the corresponding (homotypic) full syndrome disorder; 2) subthreshold conditions were precursors for other (heterotypic) full syndrome disorders; and 3) these homotypic and heterotypic precursors persisted after adjusting for comorbidity. Results: Subthreshold major depression, anxiety, alcohol use, substance use, and conduct all escalated into their corresponding full syndrome and nearly all homotypic developments were maintained after adjusting for comorbid subthreshold and full syndrome conditions. Many heterotypic associations were also observed and most remained after controlling for comorbidity, particularly among externalizing disorders (e.g., alcohol, substance, conduct/antisocial personality disorder). Conclusions: Many subthreshold conditions have predictive validity as they may represent precursors for full syndrome disorders. Alternatively, dimensional conceptualizations of psychopathology which include these more minor conditions may yield greater validity. Subthreshold conditions may represent good targets for preventive interventions.
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Claims the paper makes
19 Own result · 10 Own method · 7 Not checked yet · 6 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the exception of subthreshold anxiety, all of the homotypic escalations from Table 2 remained significant after adjusting for comorbidity.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting follow-up FS disorders adjusting for comorbidity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These disorders often predicted the development of the others, were occasionally bidirectional (subthreshold substance predicted FS alcohol and subthreshold alcohol predicted FS substance), and did not predict the development of internalizing disorders (depression and anxiety).”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Discussion > Heterotypic development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“subthreshold alcohol no longer predicting FS substance use disorder”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting follow-up FS disorders adjusting for comorbidity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those with subthreshold conduct developed FS bipolar, anxiety, alcohol use, and substance use disorders.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting FS conditions at follow-up (T2 thru T4)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings that subthreshold conduct disorder predicted FS bipolar and FS anxiety were the only heterotypic developments that ‘crossed’ between internalizing and externalizing disorders.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Discussion > Heterotypic development
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the exception of subthreshold bipolar disorder, homotypic escalations were observed as subthreshold conditions significantly predicted a first onset of the FS condition over time.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting FS conditions at follow-up (T2 thru T4)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those with subthreshold bipolar disorder developed FS depressive and anxiety disorders.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting FS conditions at follow-up (T2 thru T4)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“subthreshold ADHD no longer predicted FS alcohol use disorder”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting follow-up FS disorders adjusting for comorbidity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No participants developed ADHD for the first time at follow-up.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Methods > FS at Follow-up
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the exception of subthreshold anxiety, all of the homotypic escalations from Table 2 remained significant after adjusting for comorbidity.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting follow-up FS disorders adjusting for comorbidity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even before adjusting for comorbidity, subthreshold depression and anxiety did not predict the FS version of the other.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Discussion > Heterotypic development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the heterotypic associations observed for subthreshold conditions were also found for FS conditions. However, FS disorders were associated with more conditions at follow-up than subthreshold conditions.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting FS conditions at follow-up (T2 thru T4)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those with subthreshold substance developed FS alcohol use disorders and a trend for bipolar and anxiety disorders.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting FS conditions at follow-up (T2 thru T4)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those with subthreshold alcohol developed FS substance use disorder and conduct disorder/ASPD.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting FS conditions at follow-up (T2 thru T4)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those with subthreshold ADHD developed FS alcohol and substance use disorders, and conduct disorder/ASPD.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting FS conditions at follow-up (T2 thru T4)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many heterotypic associations were also observed and most remained after controlling for comorbidity, particularly among externalizing disorders”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that each subthreshold externalizing condition has unique, as well as shared predictive validity.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Discussion > Heterotypic development
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proportional hazards assumption was tested by including a Time X Predictor interaction term in each Cox model”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Methods > Data Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data to compute interrater reliabilities for T1 subthreshold conditions were not available.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Methods > Diagnostic Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, our results suggest that subthreshold conditions have both important homotypic and heterotypic predictive power.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants were weighted by their probability of selection for T3 (standard errors were adjusted in inferential statistics).”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Methods > Data Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“due to the multiple comparisons, some findings (particularly some of the heterotypic associations), may have been due to a Type I error and thus require replication.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Discussion > Heterotypic development
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“subthreshold conditions are common (Lewinsohn, Shankman, Gau & Klein, 2004), and are associated with functional impairment (Kessler, Zhao, Blazer, & Swartz, 1997)”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lewinsohn, Shankman, Gau & Klein, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Kessler, Zhao, Blazer, & Swartz, 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subthreshold depressive conditions, such as minor depression or Brief Recurrent Depression, have been associated with significant impairment (Gotlib, Lewinsohn, & Seeley, 1995; Kessler et al., 1997), and increased treatment utilization (Judd, Paulus, Wells & Rapaport, 1996).”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gotlib, Lewinsohn, & Seeley, 1995; Kessler et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Judd, Paulus, Wells & Rapaport, 1996
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cox models were conducted in two sets – 1) adjusting for gender (as gender related to the predictor and the outcome) and 2) adjusting for gender and comorbid conditions at T1.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Methods > Data Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Interviews at T3 and T4 were conducted by telephone, which generally yields comparable results to face-to-face interviews”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Methods > Diagnostic Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rohde, Lewinsohn, & Seeley, 1997
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the small differences in ages, we did not adjust for baseline age in the Cox models below.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subthreshold depression (Fergusson, Horwood, Ridder & Beautrais, 2005; Lewinsohn et al., 2000a) bipolar disorder (Lewinsohn et al, 2000b; Regeer et al., 2006) and anxiety disorder (Merikangas et al., 2003) have been shown to escalate into the FS condition over time.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fergusson, Horwood, Ridder & Beautrais, 2005; Lewinsohn et al., 2000a
- Not checked yetcites Lewinsohn et al, 2000b; Regeer et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Merikangas et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although our definitions of subthreshold conditions were consistent with the literature, they are admittedly somewhat arbitrary.”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Discussion > Heterotypic development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“there is substantial comorbidity and familial co-aggregation among subthreshold and FS conditions”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Angst, Merikangas & Preisig, 1997; Lewinsohn et al., 2004; Shankman et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Further, subclinical depression is associated with a two- to five-fold increased risk of full-syndrome depressive disorders [10-13].”
From MoodHacker Mobile Web App With Email for Adults to Self-Manage Mild-to-Moderate Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Conclusion > Key points
“We found that subthreshold MDD, anxiety, alcohol, substance and conduct escalated into their cooresponding (FS) disorders, even after adjusting for comorbidity”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting follow-up FS disorders adjusting for comorbidity
“With the exception of subthreshold anxiety, all of the homotypic escalations from Table 2 remained significant after adjusting for comorbidity.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Discussion > Heterotypic development
“These disorders often predicted the development of the others, were occasionally bidirectional (subthreshold substance predicted FS alcohol and subthreshold alcohol predicted FS substance), and did not predict the development of internalizing disorders (depression and anxiety).”
§ Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: A 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes > Results > Predicting FS conditions at follow-up (T2 thru T4)
“Those with subthreshold conduct developed FS bipolar, anxiety, alcohol use, and substance use disorders.”
Citations
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Cited by
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The Diagnosis of Mental Disorders: The Problem of Reification
Hyman, S. E. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091532 · Cited by 1,052
“F or p er so na l u se o nl y. et al. 1983, Shankman et al. 2009), thus impeding preventive interventions, and because it does not answer the criticism of excessive medicalization of life problems (Healy 2006).”
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“a major depressive episode (MDE) (Pine, Cohen, Cohen, & Brook, 1999; Shankman et al., 2009).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shankman, S. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Klein, D. N., Small, J. W., Seeley, J. R., & Altman, S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shankman, Stewart A.
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-11-05
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1485-1494
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- PMC
- PMC2804772
- OpenAlex
- W1974681461
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 16.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 50522, R01MH066023, R01MH050522)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- alcohol consumption, substance use, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, antisocial personality disorder, comorbidities, dimensional models of psychopathology, young adults, predictive validity, preventive interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Syndrome, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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