Dynamics of emotion regulation in infants of clinically depressed and nondepressed mothers
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Background: Emotion regulation (ER) has been conceptualized as an ongoing process of the individual’s emotion patterns in relation to moment‐to‐moment contextual demands. In contrast to traditional approaches of descriptively quantizing ER, we employed a dynamic approach to ER by examining key transitions in infants of clinically depressed and nondepressed mothers in the context of maternal still‐face (SF). Methods: Mothers with ( n = 48) and without a clinical diagnosis of depression ( n = 68) were seen in a modified SF paradigm with their 5‐month‐olds. Infant states and self‐soothing behaviors were coded in 1‐sec time intervals. Results: Infants of nondepressed mothers used attentional regulatory strategies, whereas infants of depressed mothers used internally directed strategies of self‐soothing to reduce negativity and maintain engagement with mother. Conclusions: This study advances our understanding of processes underlying infant ER and points to possible mechanisms for the development of long‐term maladaptive ER strategies in infants of depressed mothers.
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Infants of depressed mothers alter their behavior, showing deficits in emotional and behavioral regulation, greater fussiness, and fewer positive and more negative facial expressions.
“In response, infants of depressed mothers alter their own behavior, leading to a broad range of infant deficits including poor emotional and behavioral state regulation, greater fussiness, and fewer positive and more negative facial expressions (Field et al. 1988; Field et al. 1990; Manian and Bornstein 2009).”
From Perinatal Dyadic Psychotherapy for postpartum depression: a randomized controlled pilot trial (2015) · cites this paper as Manian and Bornstein 2009
The Discussion (Maternal Depression and Infant ER; page unavailable) describes differences in how infants of depressed mothers regulate distress, supporting the regulation portion of the claim. But the Results (Infant Response to Still-Face Perturbation; page unavailable) found no group differences in infant states other than gaze aversion, and the Discussion says the groups did not differ in duration of negative states. This paper therefore does not support greater fussiness or fewer positive and more negative expressions in infants of depressed mothers. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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Souza, A. B. D. M. E., Mendes, D. M. L. F., & Kappler, S. R. (2021) · Gerais : Revista Interinstitucional de Psicologia · doi:10.36298/gerais202114e17001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parent-child co-regulation predicting emotion regulation in early childhood
Morris, N. (2015) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cione, G. F. (2015) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Lucchese, F. (2012) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Regulation and Attachment in Infancy: Still-Face Paradigm and Joint Attention
이솔미 (2015) · Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)
Küçük Çocuğu Olan Annelerin Çocuk Yetiştirme Uygulamaları ve Gereksinimleri
Kahraman, Ö. G., Kaya, Ş. Ş., & Güngören, F. (2023) · SOCIAL MENTALITY AND RESEARCHER THINKERS JOURNAL · doi:10.29228/smryj.68414
Kindliche Entwicklung – Prägungen des Erlebens im frühen affektmotorischen Dialog
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Child-focused evaluation: Involving children as their own respondents
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Self-citationPérez, G., Aitken, A., Zhang, M., Thomason, M. E., & Brito, N. H. (2025) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102151
Neural systems supporting cognitive reappraisal in young children: An fMRI study
Shipkova, M., Murgueitio, N., Garrisi, K., Mitchell, A., Lurie, L. A., Rodriguez, M. A., Gruhn, M. A., Milojevich, H. M., Machlin, L., Priddy, Z., et al. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101777
- Authors
- Manian, N., & Bornstein, M. H.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Manian, Nanmathi
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-10-14
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1410-1418
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- PMC
- PMC2844731
- OpenAlex
- W2114478481
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99HD999999)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, maternal depression, still-face paradigm, attentional control, mother-infant interaction, dynamic systems approach, maladaptive emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Psychology, Child, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Young Adult, Emotional Intelligence
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