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Cited by 345Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

Infants' vagal regulation in the still-face paradigm is related to dyadic coordination of mother–infant interaction

Open access
Moore, Ginger A., Calkins, Susan D.·2004·Developmental Psychology
DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1068
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Abstract

The authors investigated relations between mother-infant dyadic coordination and infants' physiological responses. Mothers (N=73) and 3-month-old male and female infants were observed in the still-face paradigm, and mothers' and infants' affective states were coded at 1-s intervals. Synchrony and levels of matching between mother-infant affective states were computed, and infants' heart rate and vagal tone were measured. Infants showed increased negative affect and heart rate and decreased vagal tone during mothers' still-face, indicating physiological regulation of distress. Infants who did not suppress vagal tone during the still-face (nonsuppressors) showed less positive affect, higher reactivity and vagal suppression in normal play and reunion episodes, and lower synchrony in normal play with mothers. The results indicate that infants' physiological regulation in social interaction differs in relation to dyadic coordination of affective behaviors.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In 73 mother–infant dyads observed at 3 months in the still-face paradigm, infants showed increased negative affect, shorter heart period, and suppressed vagal tone (RSA) during the still-face. Infants who did not suppress RSA during the still-face had less positive engagement, greater reactivity, and lower mother–infant synchrony in normal play.

Key findings

  • Infants showed higher negative affect in still-face than normal play, F(1, 71) = 68.83, p < .01, and lower positive engagement in still-face than normal play, F(1, 71) = 103.54, p < .01. HP was shorter in still-face than baseline, F(1, 58) = 62.20, p < .01, and RSA differed from baseline only during still-face, F(1, 58) = 7.4, p < .01.
  • Nonsuppressors (n = 32) did not suppress RSA during still-face; suppressors (n = 28) did. Nonsuppressors showed lower positive engagement in normal play, F(1, 57) = 5.98, p < .05, and reunion, F(1, 57) = 9.90, p < .01, and higher RSA suppression in normal play and reunion.
  • Dyads in the suppressor group were more synchronous in normal play than nonsuppressor dyads (Ms = .16 and .06, respectively), F(1, 58) = 7.05, p < .05. Dyadic synchrony in normal play was related to ΔHP in normal play, r = −.26, p < .05; matched affect in reunion was related to ΔHP, r = −.34, p < .01, and ΔRSA, r = −.36, p < .01.
  • Mothers with high depressive symptoms showed lower synchrony in normal play, F(1, 71) = 6.22, p < .05, and higher matched affect in reunion, F(1, 71) = 4.12, p < .05; their infants had longer HP and lesser ΔHP in reunion, F(1, 58) = 4.25 and 4.03, p < .05. BDI scores were uncorrelated with infants’ and mothers’ affective behaviors, infants’ physiological responses, dyadic synchrony, and matched affect.

Methods

  • Mothers (N = 73) and their 3-month-old infants (30 female, 43 male) were observed in the still-face paradigm: baseline, 2-min normal play, 2-min still-face, and 2-min reunion. Mothers’ and infants’ facial affect and gaze were coded at 1-s intervals; dyadic synchrony was the zero-order correlation between second-by-second affective state codes, and matched affect was the percentage of seconds mother and infant shared the same affect type.
  • Heart rate and RSA were measured via electrodes and a vagal tone monitor; RSA was calculated with Porges’s method, with 30-s baseline epochs and 15-s episode epochs. Difference scores (ΔHP, ΔRSA) from baseline indexed physiological regulation; suppressor/nonsuppressor groups were defined by RSA decrease from normal play to still-face and increase from still-face to reunion.
  • Analyses used repeated measures ANOVA with planned contrasts and baseline negative affect as a covariate, correlations, and ANOVAs comparing suppressor groups and maternal depression groups.

Limitations

  • The paper states that dyadic coordination methods did not indicate the extent to which mothers versus infants were responsible for synchrony or matching; the small sample allowed only two RSA regulation patterns; the sample was fairly homogeneous in ethnicity and socioeconomic status; and direction of effect between synchrony and physiological regulation was unclear.
  • The paper also notes that maternal depression findings may not generalize to high-risk or clinically depressed samples, and the text makes evident that the design was cross-sectional/correlational, so causal direction cannot be established.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1068

Cites

54 of 54 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 65 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    Infants showed increased heart rate during mothers' still-face.

    “Infants showed increased negative affect and heart rate and decreased vagal tone during mothers' still-face, indicating physiological regulation of distress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    Infants showed decreased vagal tone during mothers' still-face.

    “Infants showed increased negative affect and heart rate and decreased vagal tone during mothers' still-face, indicating physiological regulation of distress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    Infants showed increased negative affect during mothers' still-face.

    “Infants showed increased negative affect and heart rate and decreased vagal tone during mothers' still-face, indicating physiological regulation of distress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    Nonsuppressors showed vagal suppression in normal play and reunion episodes.

    “Infants who did not suppress vagal tone during the still-face (nonsuppressors) showed less positive affect, higher reactivity and vagal suppression in normal play and reunion episodes, and lower synchrony in normal play with mothers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    Nonsuppressors showed lower synchrony in normal play with mothers.

    “Infants who did not suppress vagal tone during the still-face (nonsuppressors) showed less positive affect, higher reactivity and vagal suppression in normal play and reunion episodes, and lower synchrony in normal play with mothers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 45
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 41
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Preliminary Analyses

    There were no differences in HP and RSA during baseline between the two groups and no group differences in HP, RSA, ΔHP, or ΔRSA in any of the SFP episodes.

    “There were no differences in HP and RSA during baseline between the two groups and no group differences in HP, RSA, ΔHP, or ΔRSA in any of the SFP episodes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Preliminary Analyses

    Infant sex was unrelated to infants' and mothers' behavioral variables, infants' physiological variables, dyadic synchrony, and matched affect.

    “Infant sex was unrelated to infants' and mothers' behavioral variables, infants' physiological variables, dyadic synchrony, and matched affect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § Computation of change in HP and RSA.

    Seventeen of the 73 infants (23%) showed some negative affect during baseline.

    “Fifty of the 73 infants (69%) were completely neutral throughout the baseline episode, 6 (8%) showed some positive affect, and 17 (23%) showed some negative affect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § Computation of change in HP and RSA.

    Six of the 73 infants (8%) showed some positive affect during baseline.

    “Fifty of the 73 infants (69%) were completely neutral throughout the baseline episode, 6 (8%) showed some positive affect, and 17 (23%) showed some negative affect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § Preliminary Analyses

    The group of infants who displayed any negative affect in the baseline condition showed higher levels of negative affect in the normal play episode than infants who showed no negative affect in the baseline condition, F(1, 72) = 12.27, p < .01.

    “The group of infants who displayed any negative affect in the baseline condition showed higher levels of negative affect in the normal play episode, F(1, 72) = 12.27, p < .01,and in the still-face episode, F(1, 72) = 13.5 1, p < .0 1, than infants who showed no negative affect in the baseline condition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § Missing data.

    Heart rate data from 8 participants were missing because of equipment malfunction due to excessive static electricity during the winter months.

    “Heart rate data from 8 participants were missing because of equipment malfunction due to excessive static electricity during the winter months.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Missing data.

    Data were available for 62 infants in the baseline and reunion episodes, 61 infants in the normal play episode, and 60 in the still-face episode.

    “In all, data were available for 62 infants in the baseline and reunion episodes, 61 infants in the normal play episode, and 60 in the still-face episode.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Preliminary Analyses

    There were no group differences (baseline negative affect groups) in infants' or mothers' positive engagement, dyadic synchrony, or matched affect in any of the SFP episodes.

    “There were no group differences in infants' or mothers' positive engagement, dyadic synchrony, or matched affect in any of the SFP episodes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § Correlations among infants' behavioral and physiological responses.

    HP, RSA, ΔHP, and RSA suppression were stable across episodes.

    “HP, RSA, ΔHP, and RSA suppression were stable across episodes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § Preliminary Analyses

    The group of infants who displayed any negative affect in the baseline condition showed higher levels of negative affect in the still-face episode than infants who showed no negative affect in the baseline condition, F(1, 72) = 13.51, p < .01.

    “The group of infants who displayed any negative affect in the baseline condition showed higher levels of negative affect in the normal play episode, F(1, 72) = 12.27, p < .01,and in the still-face episode, F(1, 72) = 13.5 1, p < .0 1, than infants who showed no negative affect in the baseline condition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § Correlations among infants' behavioral and physiological responses.

    In general, measures of HP and RSA and measures of ΔHP and ΔRSA in the various episodes showed moderate positive correlation.

    “In general, measures of HP and RSA and measures of ΔHP and ΔRSA in the various episodes showed moderate positive correlation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § Patterns of Mothers' and Infants' Responses Across the SFP

    Mothers showed almost no negative affect.

    “Because mothers showed almost no negative affect, analyses were not conducted for this variable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Individual Differences in Patterns of Vagal Regulation

    RSA differed between the two groups in the reunion episode, F(1, 57) = 10.04, p < .01, with infants in the suppressor group showing higher levels of RSA.

    “RSA differed between the two groups in the normal play episode, F(1, 57) = 13.93,p < .01,and the reunion episode, F(1, 57) = 10.04,p < .01,with infants in the suppressor group showing higher levels of RSA.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Larger values of RSA indicate greater vagal tone, which describes a state that does not require active regulation of emotion.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Individual Differences in Patterns of Vagal Regulation

    ΔHP differed between the two groups in the reunion episode, F(1, 57) = 12.76, p < .01, with infants in the suppressor group showing less of a decrease in HP.

    “ΔHP differed between the two groups in the normal play episode, F(1, 57) = 10.36,p < .0 1, and the reunion episode, F(1, 57) = 12.76, p < .01,with infants in the suppressor group showing less of a decrease in HP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Positive values of ΔHP reflect a decrease in HP from baseline, suggesting increased arousal.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Individual Differences in Patterns of Vagal Regulation

    ΔHP differed between the two groups in the normal play episode, F(1, 57) = 10.36, p < .01, with infants in the suppressor group showing less of a decrease in HP.

    “ΔHP differed between the two groups in the normal play episode, F(1, 57) = 10.36,p < .0 1, and the reunion episode, F(1, 57) = 12.76, p < .01,with infants in the suppressor group showing less of a decrease in HP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Positive values of ΔHP reflect a decrease in HP from baseline, suggesting increased arousal.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Dyadic Coordination and Infants' Physiological Responses in the SFP Correlations among variables.

    Dyadic synchrony in normal play was related to ΔHP in the normal play episode (r = -.26, p < .05), such that in less synchronous dyads, infants showed greater decreases in HP.

    “Dyadic synchrony in normal play was related to ΔHP in the normal play episode (r = -.26,p < .05),such that in less synchronous dyads, infants showed greater decreases in HP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Positive values of ΔHP reflect a decrease in HP from baseline, suggesting increased arousal.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Individual Differences in Patterns of Vagal Regulation

    RSA differed between the two groups in the normal play episode, F(1, 57) = 13.93, p < .01, with infants in the suppressor group showing higher levels of RSA.

    “RSA differed between the two groups in the normal play episode, F(1, 57) = 13.93,p < .01,and the reunion episode, F(1, 57) = 10.04,p < .01,with infants in the suppressor group showing higher levels of RSA.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Larger values of RSA indicate greater vagal tone, which describes a state that does not require active regulation of emotion.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Dyadic Coordination and Infants' Physiological Responses in the SFP Correlations among variables.

    Matched affect in the reunion episode was related to ΔRSA in the reunion episode (r = -.36, p < .01), such that infants in dyads showing lower levels of matched affect had greater decreases in RSA.

    “Matched affect in the reunion episode was related to ΔHP (r = -.34,p < .01)and ΔRSA (r = -.36,p < .01) in the reunion episode, such that infants in dyads showing lower levels of matched affect had greater decreases in HP and RSA.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Positive values of ΔRSA indicate a decrease in RSA from baseline, suggesting attempts to regulate emotion.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § DISCUSSION

    Both HP and RSA rose again between the still-face and reunion episodes.

    “rising again between the still-face and reunion episodes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § Role of Maternal Depression

    Mothers' BDI scores were uncorrelated with infants' and mothers' affective behaviors, infants' physiological responses, dyadic synchrony, and matched affect.

    “Mothers' BDI scores were uncorrelated with infants' and mothers' affective behaviors, infants' physiological responses, dyadic synchrony, and matched affect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § DISCUSSION

    Both HP and RSA showed a decrease between the normal play and still-face episodes.

    “both HP and RSA showed a decrease between the normal play and still-face episodes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § DISCUSSION

    Infants' HP and RSA were significantly lower in the still-face episode than in the baseline condition.

    “infants' HP and RSA were significantly lower in the still-face episode than in the baseline condition”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § DISCUSSION

    Nonsuppressor-group infants showed significantly lower levels of positive engagement and higher levels of reactivity and RSA suppression than suppressor-group infants in both the normal play and the reunion episodes.

    “Nonsuppressor-group infants also looked very different from infants in the suppressor group in both the normal play and the reunion episodes, showing significantly lower levels of positive engagement and higher levels of reactivity and RSA suppression”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § DISCUSSION

    Infants in the nonsuppressor group were more highly aroused during normal play and level of dyadic coordination was lower.

    “infants in the nonsuppressor group were more highly aroused during normal play and level of dyadic coordination was lower”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § DISCUSSION

    There were no differences in the behavioral or physiological responses of infants of mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms compared with infants of other mothers.

    “We found no differences in the behavioral or physiological responses of infants of mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms compared with infants of other mothers”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § DISCUSSION

    Mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms and their infants showed lower levels of synchrony in normal play but higher levels of matched affect in the reunion episode.

    “Mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms and their infants showed lower levels of synchrony in normal play but higher levels of matched affect in the reunion episode”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationown data
    § Abstract

    The pattern of increased negative affect and heart rate and decreased vagal tone during mothers' still-face indicates physiological regulation of distress.

    “Infants showed increased negative affect and heart rate and decreased vagal tone during mothers' still-face, indicating physiological regulation of distress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The development of behavioral and physiological systems to regulate emotion occurs rapidly in early infancy and is dependent on experience, especially social interactions with parents.

    “The development of behavioral and physiological systems to regulate emotion occurs rapidly in early infancy and is dependent on experience and, most important, experience in social interactions with parents (Calkins, 1994;Gunnar & Donzella, 2002;Schore, 2000;Tronick, 1989).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Calkins, 1994 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gunnar & Donzella, 2002

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    • cites Schore, 2000 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The percentage of time mothers and infants spent in matched affective states increased between 3 and 6 months of age.

    “In one study, the percentage of time that mothers and infants spent in matched affective states increased between 3 and 6 months of age, suggesting a more coordinated and better-regulated interaction with development (Tronick & Cohn, 1989).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tronick & Cohn, 1989

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Infants respond contingently to the temporal structure and affective valence of early face-to-face interactions, and parents coordinate face-to-face interactions with their infants to maintain mutually positive exchanges.

    “In general, this research has found that infants respond contingently to the temporal structure and affective valence of early face-to-face interactions and parents coordinate face-to-face interactions with their infants to maintain mutually positive exchanges (Cohn & Tronick, 1987, 1988;Feldman, Greenbaum, & Yirmiya, 1999;Tronick & Cohn, 1989;Weinberg, Tronick, Cohn, & Olson, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cohn & Tronick, 1987, 1988

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    • cites Feldman et al., 1999

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    • cites Tronick & Cohn, 1989

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Dyadic coordination is highly likely to be disrupted by parental depression.

    “Research from the literature on parental depression has identified dyadic coordination as an aspect of parent-infant interaction that is highly likely to be disrupted by depression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Field et al., 1990

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    • cites Cohn et al., 1990

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    • cites Zlochower & Cohn, 1996

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Mothers' contingent vocal responses to 4-month-old infants' vocalizations were delayed and more variable in clinically depressed mothers relative to nondepressed mothers.

    “Zlochower and Cohn (1996) found that mothers' contingent vocal responses to 4month-old infants' vocalizations were delayed and more variable in clinically depressed mothers relative to nondepressed mothers and argued that because individuals are largely unaware of processes of synchrony and matching in social interaction, they have a harder time deliberately managing or changing those processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zlochower & Cohn, 1996

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    When depressed mothers matched, they matched infants' negative affect more often and positive affect less often.

    “When they did, they matched infants' negative affect more often and infants' positive affect less often, suggesting less mutually positive coordination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Field et al., 1990

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    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms matched their infants' affective states less frequently than other mothers.

    “Field, Healy, Goldstein, and Guthertz (1990) found that mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms matched their infants' affective states less frequently than other mothers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Field et al., 1990

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    During structured normal play, depressed mothers were more negative and their babies were less positive compared with nondepressed mother-infant dyads.

    “Similarly, during structured normal play interactions, depressed mothers were more negative and their babies were less positive compared with nondepressed mother-infant dyads, and infants' lower levels of positive affect were the result of reduced contingent responsiveness (Cohn, Campbell, Matias, & Hopkins, 1990).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cohn et al., 1990

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    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Moderate, rather than high or low, levels of dyadic coordination in mother-infant interactions during early infancy are associated with more optimal outcomes in the quality of mother-infant relationships.

    “Research findings are converging on the theory that moderate, rather than high or low, levels of dyadic coordination in mother-infant interactions during early infancy are associated with more optimal outcomes in the quality of mother-infant relationships (Jaffe et al., 2001;Malatesta, Culver, RichTesman, & Shepard, 1989;Moore, Cohn, & Campbell, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Jaffe et al., 2001

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    • cites Malatesta et al., 1989

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    • cites Moore et al., 2004

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    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Dyadic coordination in early mother-infant vocal interactions distinguishes securely and insecurely attached infants.

    “Dyadic coordination in early mother-infant vocal interactions has been found to distinguish securely and insecurely attached infants (Jaffe, Beebe, Feldstein, Crown, & Jasnow, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jaffe et al., 2001

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    Suppression of RSA is thought to support behaviors indicative of active coping; therefore increased suppression of RSA is expected during a stressful condition such as the still-face.

    “Suppression of RSA is thought to support behaviors indicative of active coping (Porges, 1991(Porges, , 1996;;Wilson & Gottman, 1996); therefore increased suppression of RSA is expected during a stressful condition such as the still-face.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Porges, 1991

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    • cites Porges, 1996 source

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    • cites Wilson & Gottman, 1996

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    In the reunion episode, parents and infants are faced with restoring previous levels of mutually positive interaction, and that task may highlight individual differences in dyadic coordination and parental support of infants' emotion regulation.

    “In the reunion episode, parents and their infants are faced with the task of restoring previous levels of mutually positive interaction, and that task may highlight individual differences in dyadic coordination and parental support of infants' emotion regulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    A deficit in the ability to suppress RSA may be related to a lack of behavioral and emotional control.

    “A deficit in the ability to suppress RSA may be related to a lack of behavioral and emotional control (Porges, 1996;Wilson & Gottman, 1996).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Porges, 1996 source

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    • cites Wilson & Gottman, 1996

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    Greater suppression of RSA during challenging situations is related to better state regulation, greater self-soothing, more attentional control, and greater capacity for social engagement in infants.

    “Recent research with infants indicates that greater suppression of RSA during challenging situations is related to better state regulation, greater self-soothing, more attentional control, and greater capacity for social engagement (Calkins, 1997;DeGangi, DiPietro, Porges, & Greenspan, 1991;Huffman et al., 1998;Stifter & Corey, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Calkins, 1997

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    • cites DeGangi et al., 1991

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    • cites Huffman et al., 1998

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    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    Haley and Stansbury (2003) found that infants' behavioral and physiological responses were correlated in their second still-face and reunion episodes but not in the first still-face and reunion episodes.

    “Consistent with this explanation, Haley and Stansbury (2003) found that infants' behavioral and physiological responses were correlated in their second still-face and reunion episodes but not in the first still-face and reunion episodes, suggesting that under higher conditions of stress, infants' behavioral and physiological systems were coordinated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Haley & Stansbury, 2003

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    Five- and 6-month-old infants showed a decrease in heart period (increase in heart rate) and a decrease in RSA during the still-face relative to baseline.

    “Five-And 6month-old infants showed a decrease in heart period (HP), indicating an increase in heart rate and suggesting stress, and a decrease in RSA during the still-face relative to baseline levels, indicating a suppression of RSA to promote coping and self-soothing behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bazhenova et al., 2001

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    • cites Weinberg & Tronick, 1996

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    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    In infancy autonomic and behavioral measures are loosely coupled.

    “consistent with other research suggesting that in infancy autonomic and behavioral measures are loosely coupled (e.g., Gunnar, Mangelsdorf, Larson, & Hertsgaard, 1989).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gunnar et al., 1989

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    These differences were not evident in the first still-face and reunion episodes, suggesting higher stress was needed to elicit individual differences based on maternal contingent responsiveness.

    “Of note, these differences were not evident in the first still-face and reunion episodes, suggesting that higher conditions of stress were needed to elicit individual differences based on maternal contingent responsiveness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Haley & Stansbury, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    Nonsuppressor infants continued to show high levels of negative affect in reunion, whereas suppressors returned to low negative affect.

    “In addition, infants in the nonsuppressor group continued to show high levels of negative affect in the reunion episode following the still-face, whereas infants who followed the average pattern of vagal regulation and did suppress RSA during the still-face returned to prior levels of low negative affect.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bazhenova et al., 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    Haley and Stansbury found infants of more responsive mothers showed less negative affect and lower heart rate during the second reunion episode.

    “Consistent with these findings, Haley and Stansbury (2003) found that infants of mothers categorized as more responsive, on the basis of timing of their contingency to infants' behaviors during normal play and the first of the two reunion episodes presented in the modified SFP, showed less negative affect and lower heart rate during the second reunion episode.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Haley & Stansbury, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    Stoller and Field (1982) found crying, gaze aversion, and negative facial expressions in the first 10 s of the still-face were related to increases in heart rate, whereas smiling was related to decreases.

    “Stoller and Field (1982) examined infants' behavioral responses and heart rate 5 s prior to mothers' still-face and during the first 10 s of mothers' still-face.Crying, gaze aversion, and negative facial expressions in the first 10 s of the still-face were related to increases in heart rate, whereas smiling was related to decreases in heart rate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stoller & Field, 1982

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Coding infants' and mothers' affective behaviors.

    Coders were naive to the hypotheses of the current study.

    “Infants' and mothers' behaviors were coded by trained coders naive to hypotheses of the current study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § Mother-infant SFP.

    The baseline episode was designed to minimize stimulation to achieve a measure of infants' heart rate while in a neutral condition.

    “The baseline episode was designed to minimize stimulation to achieve a measure of infants' heart rate while in a neutral condition; infants were not receiving social attention from their mothers, who were attending to the experimenter, or any stimulation from toys or other objects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Procedures Maternal depressive symptoms.

    The depressed and nondepressed groups of mothers did not differ in mothers' age, SES, education, or infant sex.

    “The depressed (n = 13) and nondepressed (n = 60) groups of mothers did not differ in mothers' age, SES, education, or infant sex.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § INFANTS' PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE STILL-FACE PARADIGM

    Infants of nondepressed mothers showed a developmental increase in vagal tone between 3 and 6 months whereas infants of depressed mothers did not.

    “Research finding that infants of nondepressed mothers showed a developmental increase in vagal tone between 3 and 6 months whereas infants of depressed mothers did not (Field, Pickens, Fox, & Nawrocki, 1995) suggests that interacting with a depressed mother may inhibit the development of effective emotion regulation and lends further support to theories about the importance of parents' scaffolding”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Field et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation
    § AIMS OF THE CURRENT STUDY

    Individual differences in patterns of vagal regulation could vary considerably between parent-infant and stranger-infant interactions.

    “Twelve-month-old infants' vagal regulation was found to be unrelated to social engagement with strangers (Stifter & Corey, 2001); therefore individual differences in patterns of vagal regulation could vary considerably between parent-infant and stranger-infant interactions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stifter & Corey, 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § AIMS OF THE CURRENT STUDY

    At 3 months of age, parental influence on infants' emerging abilities to regulate emotion may be particularly acute and may be related to important developmental and individual differences in emotion regulation.

    “Together, these findings suggest that at 3 months of age, parental influence on infants' emerging abilities to regulate emotion may be particularly acute and may be related to important developmental and individual differences in emotion regulation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Mother-infant SFP.

    A gender-neutral sleeper was used to avoid any bias coders may have had regarding behaviors of male and female infants.

    “A gender-neutral sleeper was used to avoid any bias coders may have had regarding behaviors of male and female infants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § AIMS OF THE CURRENT STUDY

    Twelve-month-old infants' vagal regulation was found to be unrelated to social engagement with strangers.

    “Twelve-month-old infants' vagal regulation was found to be unrelated to social engagement with strangers (Stifter & Corey, 2001); therefore individual differences in patterns of vagal regulation could vary considerably between parent-infant and stranger-infant interactions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stifter & Corey, 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Missing data.

    There were no differences in infant age, infant sex, or any of the behavioral measures between infants with complete physiological data and those with missing data.

    “There were no differences in infant age, infant sex, or any of the behavioral measures between infants with complete physiological data and those with missing data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Heart rate monitoring.

    Data files that required editing of more than 2% of the data were not included in the analyses.

    “Data files that required editing of more than 2% of the data (e.g., 12 data points in a 5-min period) were not included in the analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Coding infants' and mothers' affective behaviors.

    Different coders were assigned to code mothers' and infants' behaviors.

    “Different coders were assigned to code mothers' and infants' behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Coding infants' and mothers' affective behaviors.

    Coders reliably identified affect (κ = .89 for infants, .83 for mothers) and direction of gaze (κ = .90 for infants, .85 for mothers).

    “Overall, coders reliably identified affect (κ = .89for infants, .83for mothers) and direction of gaze (κ = .90for infants, .85 for mothers).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Preliminary Analyses

    Results from the various methods (excluding, including, and covarying baseline negative affect) were similar.

    “Results from the various methods were similar.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Individual Differences in Patterns of Vagal Regulation

    The two groups (suppressor vs nonsuppressor) did not differ on any demographic variables or infant sex.

    “The two groups did not differ on any demographic variables or infant sex.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § DISCUSSION

    The pattern of HP and RSA findings reflected infants' reactivity to the still-face and the regulatory process of RSA suppression.

    “The pattern of findings reflected infants' reactivity to the still-face and the regulatory process of RSA suppression”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Heart rate monitoring.

    Research with young children has consistently examined the 0.24-1.04 Hz band and identified associations to child functioning.

    “Although lower frequency bands may be studied, research with young children has consistently examined this band and identified associations to child functioning (Huffman et al., 1998;Porges, 1996;Stifter & Fox, 1991).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Huffman et al., 1998

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Porges, 1996 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Stifter & Fox, 1991

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § DISCUSSION

    For the nonsuppressor group, there was a carryover of both physiological and behavioral distress from the still-face, whereas infants who effectively suppressed RSA during the still-face showed a carryover of behavioral distress only.

    “for this group of infants, there was a carryover of both physiological and behavioral distress from the still-face, whereas infants who effectively suppressed RSA during the still-face showed a carryover of behavioral distress only”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § DISCUSSION

    Earlier research found that at 3 months of age, there were no differences in RSA between infants of mothers with high levels of depression compared with other infants but that by 6 months, these infants showed lower RSA.

    “earlier research found that at 3 months of age, there were no differences in RSA between infants of mothers with high levels of depression compared with other infants but that by 6 months, these infants showed lower RSA”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Field et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § DISCUSSION

    The current study was the first to examine qualities of mother-infant dyadic coordination in relation to infants' vagal regulation across the SFP.

    “The current study was the first to examine qualities of mother-infant dyadic coordination in relation to infants' vagal regulation across the SFP”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § DISCUSSION

    Stable individual differences have been found in RSA functioning.

    “stable individual differences have been found in RSA functioning”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stifter & Fox, 1991

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § DISCUSSION

    Level of matched affect may be a reflection of the quality of dyadic interaction, whereas synchrony may reflect a more active process that mothers use to regulate and maintain optimal interaction.

    “level of matched affect may be a reflection of the quality of dyadic interaction, whereas synchrony may reflect a more active process that mothers use to regulate and maintain optimal interaction”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § DISCUSSION

    The methods for assessing dyadic coordination did not indicate the extent to which mothers and infants were each responsible for synchronizing or matching affect to the other.

    “our methods for assessing dyadic coordination did not indicate the extent to which mothers and infants were each responsible for synchronizing or matching affect to the other”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § DISCUSSION

    RSA regulation is a reliable predictor of later behavioral outcomes.

    “RSA regulation is a reliable predictor of later behavioral outcomes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Porges, 1996 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § DISCUSSION

    The current study was conducted with a fairly homogeneous sample with respect to ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

    “The current study was conducted with a fairly homogeneous sample with respect to ethnicity and socioeconomic status”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § DISCUSSION

    It is likely that mothers were the more active partners in synchronizing and matching affect.

    “it is likely that mothers were the more active partners in synchronizing and matching affect”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cohn & Elmore, 1988

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Cohn & Tronick, 1987

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § DISCUSSION

    Other risk factors may mediate or moderate the relation between maternal depression and infant outcomes, including family adversity and the severity, course, and timing of depressive symptoms.

    “other risk factors may mediate or moderate the relation between maternal depression and infant outcomes, including family adversity and the severity, course, and timing of depressive symptoms”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § DISCUSSION

    A higher level of synchrony reflects increased maternal support for infants' emotion regulation, that is, synchrony occurs in response to infants' arousal.

    “a higher level of synchrony reflects increased maternal support for infants' emotion regulation, that is, synchrony occurs in response to infants' arousal”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Tronick & Cohn, 1989

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Weinberg et al., 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § DISCUSSION

    Moderate, rather than high, levels of synchrony are optimal in mother-infant interaction.

    “moderate, rather than high, levels of synchrony are optimal in mother-infant interaction”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Jaffe et al., 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Moore et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationown data
    § DISCUSSION

    Dyadic synchrony may be an important mediator of developmental change in patterns of physiological regulation.

    “dyadic synchrony may be an important mediator of developmental change in patterns of physiological regulation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § DISCUSSION

    Mothers who engaged in higher levels of preemptive control of their toddlers' behavior had toddlers who showed lower levels of self-control.

    “mothers who engaged in higher levels of preemptive control of their toddlers' behavior had toddlers who showed lower levels of self-control”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Calkins & Johnson, 1998

      Not checked in the free run.

78 of 78

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Whether synchrony and matching affect describe distinct or similar functional aspects of mother-infant interaction has not been researched.

    “To date, whether the two processes describe distinct or similar functional aspects of mother-infant interaction has not been researched.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The current study was the first to report relations between qualities of mother-infant dyadic coordination and infants' vagal regulation in the SFP.

    “The current study was the first, of which we are aware, to report relations between qualities of mother-infant dyadic coordination and infants' vagal regulation in the SFP.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Heart rate and vagal tone are orthogonal measures of cardiac activity.

    “Heart rate and vagal tone are orthogonal measures of cardiac activity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Heart rate reflects degree of physiological arousal.

    “Heart rate reflects degree of physiological arousal.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Vagal tone reflects neural regulation of the heart via the vagus nerve and is measured as RSA.

    “Vagal tone reflects neural regulation of the heart, via the vagus nerve, and is measured in terms of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of cardiac activity related to respiratory function and mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    To date, relatively little research exists on the correlates of synchrony and matching affect during parent-infant interaction.

    “To date, relatively little research exists on the correlates of synchrony and matching affect during parent-infant interaction.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The role that infant sex plays in moderating dyadic synchrony is unclear.

    “However, given that there have been mixed findings about sex differences in prior research on infants' responses to mothers' still-face, the role that infant sex plays in moderating dyadic synchrony is unclear.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Effective or optimal levels of synchrony and matching affect are still being investigated.

    “Effective or optimal levels of synchrony and matching affect are still being investigated.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Larger values of RSA indicate greater vagal tone, which describes a state that does not require active regulation of emotion.

    “Larger values of HP indicated slower heart rate, and larger values of RSA indicated greater vagal tone, which putatively describes a state that does not require active regulation of emotion.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Positive values of ΔHP reflect a decrease in HP from baseline, suggesting increased arousal.

    “Positive values of change in HP from baseline (ΔHP) reflected a decrease in HP from baseline, suggesting increased arousal.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Positive values of ΔRSA indicate a decrease in RSA from baseline, suggesting attempts to regulate emotion.

    “Positive values of change in RSA (ΔRSA) indicated a decrease in RSA from baseline, suggesting attempts to regulate emotion.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Negative values of ΔRSA indicate an increase in RSA from baseline, suggesting a state that did not require active regulation.

    “Negative values of ΔRSA indicated an increase in RSA from baseline, suggesting a state that did not require active regulation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The still-face episode is likely to elicit the need for emotion regulation.

    “a condition in which mothers' support was withdrawn and that was likely to elicit the need for emotion regulation”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Maternal depression may impair a mother's ability to support effective emotion regulation.

    “theoretical expectations that depression may impair a mother's ability to support effective emotion regulation”
14 of 14

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Higher RSA during mother-infant free play is associated with more optimal maternal care and higher infant social engagement.

    “Higher RSA during mother-infant free play has been associated with more optimal maternal care and higher infant social engagement (34 -36).”

    From Oxytocin administration to parent enhances infant physiological and behavioral readiness for social engagement (2012) · cites this paper as [34]

  • Physiologically during the reunion, infants typically show a return to baseline levels of RSA.

    “Physiologically during the reunion, infants typically show a return to baseline levels of RSA (Bazhenova et al., 2001;Ham & Tronick, 2006;Moore & Calkins, 2004;Weinberg & Tronick, 1996).”

    From Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity (2009) · cites this paper as Moore & Calkins, 2004

  • During the still face, infants typically show an increase in negative affect and looking away and a decrease in positive affect, and physiologically they show a decrease in RSA.

    “During the still face, infants typically show an increase in negative affect and looking away and a decrease in positive affect, and physiologically they show a decrease in RSA (Bazhenova, Plonskaia, & Porges, 2001;Ham & Tronick, 2006;Moore & Calkins, 2004;Weinberg & Tronick, 1996).”

    From Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity (2009) · cites this paper as Moore & Calkins, 2004

  • The same pattern of vagal regulation across the FFSFP for mothers and infants was found in this economically diverse sample as has been found in prior research on middle-class samples.

    “It is noteworthy that the same pattern of vagal regulation across the FFSFP for mothers and infants was found in this economically diverse sample as has been found in prior research on middle-class samples (e.g., Bazhenova et al., 2001;Ham & Tronick, 2006;Moore & Calkins, 2004;Weinberg & Tronick, 1996).”

    From Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity (2009) · cites this paper as Moore & Calkins, 2004

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Not confirmedF(1, 71) = 103.54reported p < 0 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 71) = 103.54,p < .0”

  • Not confirmedF(1, 57) = 10.36reported p < 0 · recomputed p = .002

    “F(1, 57) = 10.36,p < .0”

  • ConsistentF(1, 72) = 12.27reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 72) = 12.27, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 71) = 68.83reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 71) = 68.83,p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 71) = 7.56reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .008

    “F(1, 71) = 7.56,p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 71) = 27.08reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 71) = 27.08,p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 71) = 4.62reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .035

    “F(1, 71) = 4.62, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 62.2reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 58) = 62.20, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 34.38reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 58) = 34.38,p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 9.32reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .003

    “F(1, 58) = 9.32, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 4.86reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .031

    “F(1, 58) = 4.86, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 7.4reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .009

    “F(1, 58) = 7.4, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 4.24reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .044

    “F(1, 58) = 4.24, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 11.25reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .001

    “F(1, 58) = 11.25, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 57) = 5.98reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .018

    “F(1, 57) = 5.98, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 57) = 9.9reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .003

    “F(1, 57) = 9.90, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 57) = 13.93reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 57) = 13.93,p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 57) = 10.04reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .002

    “F(1, 57) = 10.04,p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 57) = 12.76reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 57) = 12.76, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 57) = 6.07reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .017

    “F(1, 57) = 6.07, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 57) = 13.54reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 57) = 13.54,p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 7.05reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .010

    “F(1, 58) = 7.05, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 4.25reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .044

    “F(1, 58) = 4.25, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 4.03reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .049

    “F(1, 58) = 4.03, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 71) = 6.22reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .015

    “F(1, 71) = 6.22,p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 71) = 4.12reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .046

    “F(1, 71) = 4.12, p < .05”

26 of 26

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Discussion denies physiological differences reported for maternal-depression groups

    Major

    The discussion says infants' physiological responses did not differ by maternal depressive-symptom group. The results report significant group differences in both reunion heart period and change in heart period.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Forges, 1991, Vagai tone: An autonomie mediator of affect., 111
  2. Wilson, 1996, Attention-The shuttle between emotion and cognition: Risk, resiliency, and physiological bases., 189

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Moore, G. A., & Calkins, S. D.
Affiliations
  • Duke University (US)
  • University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
ORCID
Venue
Developmental Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2004
Volume
40
Issue
6
Pages
1068-1080
ISSN
  • 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0599
DOI
10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1068
OpenAlex
W2122181600
Semantic Scholar
c0a411778397ccb4becf90842ae15cb4728fcb22
Cited by
345
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
FWCI
3.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (MH55144)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords
still-face paradigm, vagal tone, heart rate, mother-infant interaction, dyadic coordination, affective synchrony, infant distress, infant reactivity, social interaction, 3-month-old infants
MeSH terms
Adult, Affect, Facial Expression, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Infant, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Social Behavior, Vagus Nerve

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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