Investigation of cool and hot executive function in ODD/CD independently of ADHD
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Children with oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) have shown deficits in 'cool' abstract-cognitive, and 'hot' reward-related executive function (EF) tasks. However, it is currently unclear to what extent ODD/CD is associated with neuropsychological deficits, independently of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Fifty-nine adolescents with a history of early-onset oppositional problems, 28 with pure ODD/CD symptoms and 31 with ADHD with or without ODD/CD, and 34 healthy controls were administered a task battery measuring motor response inhibition, sustained attention, cognitive flexibility and reward-related decision-making. Findings were analysed using dimensional and group analyses. RESULTS: In group analyses both groups with and without ADHD were impaired in EF measures. Dimensional analyses, however, showed that ODD/CD but not ADHD was related to hot EF based on increased risky decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task. ODD/CD was also independently related to aspects of cool EF independently of ADHD, namely slower speeds of inhibitory responding and increased intra-subject variability. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show EF deficits associated with ODD/CD independently of ADHD, and implicate reward-related abnormalities in theories of antisocial behaviour development.
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Hobson et al. found that adolescents with ADHD made more risky choices than NCs on the second phase of the IGT (Cohen's d = 0.69).
“Hobson et al. [49] examined the performance of adolescents with ADHD on the second phase of the IGT, i.e. the risky decision-making phase in which the participants have some abstract knowledge of the riskiness of their choices (see the description in the introduction), and also found that individuals with ADHD made more risky choices than the NCs (Cohen’s d = 0.69).”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [49]
In dimensional analyses, ODD/CD symptoms but not ADHD symptoms were associated with risky behavior on the IGT.
“Additionally dimensional analyses (multiple regression analyses) revealed that ODD/CD but not ADHD symptoms were associated with risky behavior on the IGT.”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [49]
Adolescents with ADHD displayed more risky behavior on the IGT than NCs.
“Hobson et al. [49] found that adolescents with ADHD displayed more risky behavior in the IGT than NCs.”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [49]
Ten studies used an implicit gambling task, of which five (50%) found clear evidence that children/adolescents with ADHD displayed more risky behavior than NCs.
“Ten studies used an implicit gambling task, of which five studies (5/10 = 50%) found clear evidence that children/adolescents with ADHD displayed more risky behavior than NCs [35], [47], [49], [53], [55].”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [49]
Ten additional studies could not be considered in the discussion of ADHD subtypes because no information was provided about participants' ADHD subtypes.
“The findings of ten additional studies could not be taken into consideration in this discussion, since no information was provided about the participants’ subtypes of ADHD”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [49]
Group differences between ADHD participants and NCs were present in 5/10 (50%) of studies with positive findings in which participants discontinued MPH 8 to 48 hours before the experiment.
“Group differences between ADHD participants and NCs were present in studies in which participants discontinued medication treatment with MPH 8 to 48 hours before the experiment [40], [49], [53], [58], [67] (5/10 = 50% of studies with positive findings; reference 67 refers to study 1)”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [49]
Some of the reviewed studies in children with ADHD suggest that there is an association between risky performance on gambling tasks and the severity of ADHD symptoms.
“Some of the reviewed studies in children with ADHD suggest that there is an association between risky performance on gambling tasks and the severity of ADHD symptoms [49], [52], [58].”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [49]
Such associations have also been found for ODD/CD symptoms in these children.
“However, such associations have also been found for ODD/CD symptoms in these children [48], [49]”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Hobson, C. W., Scott, S., & Rubia, K.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-08-09
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1035-1043
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W1537468674
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, executive function, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, risky decision making, Iowa Gambling Task, sustained attention, cognitive flexibility, adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Social Behavior Disorders, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Executive Function
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