Resource stoichiometry elucidates the structure and function of arbuscular mycorrhizas across scales

Abstract

Summary: Despite the fact that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations are among the most ancient, abundant and important symbioses in terrestrial ecosystems, there are currently few unifying theories that can be used to help understand the factors that control their structure and function. This review explores how a stoichiometric perspective facilitates integration of three complementary ecological and evolutionary models of mycorrhizal structure and function. AM symbiotic function should be governed by the relative availability of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (trade balance model) and allocation to plant and fungal structures should depend on the availabilities of these resources (functional equilibrium model). Moreover, in an evolutionary framework, communities of plants and AM fungi are predicted to adapt to each other and their local soil environment (co‐adaptation model). Anthropogenic enrichment of essential resources in the environment is known to impact AM symbioses. A more predictive theory of AM structure and function will help us to better understand how these impacts may influence plant communities and ecosystem properties. Contents Summary 631 I. Introduction 632 II. Overview of ecological and evolutionary models from a stoichiometric perspective 632 III. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in AM symbioses 634 IV. Trade balance and thresholds in the AM marketplace 635 V. Optimal foraging and functional equilibrium in AM symbioses 638 VI. Fungal life histories and resource utilization 640 VII. Community feedbacks, co‐adaptation and ecosystem consequences 641 VIII. The scaling‐up challenge 643 Acknowledgements 643 References 643