Neonatal symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycaemia: a follow-up study of 151 children
Abstract
SUMMARY 151 children diagnosed as having hypoglycaemia during the first few days of life were followed up one to four years after birth. Of the 151 infants, 8 had had hypoglycaemia with convulsions, 77 had had hypoglycaemia without convulsions but with other symptoms, and 66 had been asymptomatic. Hypoglycaemia had been diagnosed at mean ages of 39 hours in the group with convulsions, 10 hours in those without convulsions but with other symptoms, and 9 hours in the asymptomatic group: therapy had commenced at mean ages of 43, 21 and 14 hours respectively. A control group consisted of 56 normal children. At follow‐up, 4 of the 8 children with convulsions were found to be damaged (including infantile spasms, severe hypotonia and cataract) and 1 was classified as doubtful. Of the 77 children without convulsions, 9 were found to be pathologic and a further 9 were doubtful. In the asymptomatic group, 4 of the 66 children were classified as pathologic on the basis of ophthalmological findings only. Three of the 56 control children had mild abnormalities and another 2 were doubtful. Ophthalmological examinations of the 151 children revealed 2 with definite and 1 with suspected optic atrophy, 2 with pale (but normal?) optic discs, 1 with zonular cataract, 1 with nystagmus and amblyopy, 9 with squints and 4 who had had squints earlier. In the control group, 3 of the 56 children had squints. The findings suggest that time is the most important factor affecting the onset of symptoms in the newborn period, and that symptomatic hypoglycaemia with convulsions has a poor prognosis for permanent cns damage, while asymptomatic hypoglycaemia without convulsions appears to have no influence in this respect. RÉSUMÉ Hypoglycémie néo‐natale symptomatigue et asymptomatique: étude longitudinale 151 enfants chez qui une hypoglycémie avait été diagnostiquée durant les premiers jours de la vie ont été suivis depuis la naissance jusqu'à l'âge de 4 ans. Parmi ces 151 enfants, 8 avaient présenté une hypoglycémie avec convulsions, 77 sans convulsion mais avec d'autres symptômes et 66 sans symptdme. L'hypoglycémie a été diagnostiquée en moyenne à 39 heures dans le groupe avec convulsions, 10 heures dans le groupe sans convulsion mais avec d'autres symptômes et 9 heures dans le groupe asymptomatique: le traitement avait été commencéà l'âge moyen respectivement de 43, 21 et 14 heures. Un groupe contrôle de 56 enfants normaux a été aussi étudié. Lors de la surveillance ultérieure, 4 des 8 enfants avec convulsions ont présenté des troubles, incluant spasmes infantiles, hypotonie sévère et cataracte et un autre cas a été classé comme douteux. Parmi les 77 enfants sans convulsion, 9 ont été considérés comme pathologiques et 9 autres comme douteux. Dans le groupe asymptomatique, 4 des 66 enfants ont été classés pathologiques sur la base de l'examen ophthalmologique seulement. 3 enfants du groupe contrôle de 56 ont présenté des anomalies modérées et 2 autres cas ont été considérés comme douteux. L'examen ophthalmologique des 151 enfants a révélé deux atrophies optiques certaines et une possible, deux cas de papilles pâles (mais nor‐males ?), une cataracte focale, un cas de nystagmus et amblyopie, 9 cas de strabisme et 4 cas de strabisme transitoire. Dans le groupe contrôle 3 des 56 enfants présentaient un strabisme. Ces données suggèrent que le temps est le facteur le plus important marquant le début des symptômes durant la période néo‐natale, que 1'hypoglycémie avec traduction clinique (en particulier convulsions) est de mauvais pronostic pour un trouble cérébral définitif, tandis que I'hypoglycémie asymptomatique ne semble pas avoir d'influence en ce domaine. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Symptomatische und asymptomatische Hypoglykämie bei Neugeborenen: eine Verlaufsstudie 151 Kinder, bei denen in den ersten Lebenstagen eine Hypogykämie festgestellt wurde, wurden ein bis vier Jahre nach Geburt verfolgt. Von den 151 Kindern hatten 8 Hypoglykämie mit Krämpfen, 77 Hypoglykämie ohne Krämpfe aber mit anderen Symptomen und 66 waren asymptomatisch. Die Hypoglykämie war bei einem Durchschnittsalter von 39 Stunden in der Gruppe rnit Krämpfen festgestellt worden, von 10 Stunden bei denen ohne Krämpfe aber rnit anderen Symptomen und von 9 Stunden in der asymptomatis chen Gruppe: die Therapie wurde bei einem Durchschnittsalter von 43 bzw 21 bzw 14 Stunden begonnen. Eine Kontrollgruppe bestand aus 56 normalen Kindern. Im Verlauf zeigte sich, daß 4 von den 8 Kindern rnit Krämpfen geschädigt waren (einschließlich Neugeborenenkrämpfe, schwere Hyotonie und Katarakt) und eins als fraglich geschädigt beurteilt wurde. Von den 77 Kindern ohne Krämpfe wurden 9 als pathologisch und weitere 9 als fraglich pathoIogisch beurteilt. In der asymptomatischen Gruppe wurden 4 von 66 Kindern auf Grund ophthalmologischer Befunde allein für pathologisch befunden. Drei der 56 Kontrollkinder zeigten leichte Normabweichungen und zwei weitere fraglich. Ophthalmologische Untersuchungen der 151 Kin
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Severe and prolonged hypoglycemia can cause permanent brain injury.
“Whereas recovery from brief periods of hypoglycemia is usually complete, severe and prolonged hypoglycemia can cause permanent brain injury.8–10,16”
From Recommendations from the Pediatric Endocrine Society for evaluation and management of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates, infants, and children (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Koivisto, M., Blanco‐Sequeiros, M., & Krause, U.
- Venue
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1972-10
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 603-614
- ISSN
- 0012-1622 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8749
- OpenAlex
- W2167465550
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal Health and Biochemistry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- neonatal hypoglycemia, long-term follow-up, neurodevelopmental outcomes, optic atrophy, cataract, strabismus, infantile spasms, hypotonia, prognosis, neonates
- MeSH terms
- Birth Weight, Blood Glucose, Body Height, Body Weight, Brain Damage, Chronic, Cataract, Central Nervous System Diseases, Developmental Disabilities, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gestational Age, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prognosis, Seizures
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